1 62 The American Geologist. Ma.xh. 1905 
cene strata occur to nearly 3,200 feet. This shows great 
difference in changes of level compared with that of the 
Atlantic margin which was one of elevation during the 
Pliocene times. 
Prof. Ethridge, Prof. Rupert Jones, Mr. Benest and 
others, who had given more or less consideration to the 
subject treated of by Prof. Hull have expressed conclusions 
supporting him. Sir Archibald Geikie said that while there 
might be dissentient opinions, Prof. Hull's methods were 
the sound ones. He considered that the processes of ero- 
sion shown by Hull went back to Tertiary times, otherwise 
giving a preliminary acceptance of Hull's views. Mr. W. 
H. Huddleston says : "what evidence is tliere that any por- 
tion of this part of Europe w^as raised 6.000 feet — during 
a period so recent as the Pliocene?" as if the valleys them- 
selves were not evidence, and in a paper which he pub- 
lished with a fine bathymetrical map he leaves out just 
those little tinimportuni thin':s — the channels — which are 
the fundamental feature of Prof. Hull's work. But Hull 
further replies, referring to the community of origin of the 
fauna and flora of Iceland and Scotland (representing a 
minimum elevation of 3,300 feet), also to the floral con- 
nection ft Ireland with Spain, the late glacial conditions 
of the Atlas mountains and their greater extent in Europe, 
the late connection of Africa with Sicily and Italy, and 
the migration of animals by this bridge. 
As recognized by several of his confreres, Prof. Hull 
has opened up a new science in Europe. Scattered data 
had been accimiulating, but it was not a science. Most of 
his critics want longer time allowance, preferring to extend 
the features over more periods rather than allowing more 
time to the recent geological epochs, but this difficulty will 
right itself. The lower parts of the submarine channels 
may l:)elong to earlier Tertiary times, if so, they were re- 
opened about the beginning of the early Pleistocene period. 
But some have not learned the grammar of the science, 
consequently their translation can scarcely be accepted with 
authority as it does not show the real difficulties. The 
great difficulty in accepting these submarine valleys as of 
atmospheric origin lies in the fact that they are world w^ide 
