266 American Geologist. ^ay, 1905 
ought to need no argument, that as the object of science is the 
attainment of truth, so that of the truest religion as well as the 
highest philosophy is the regulation of our conduct by this at- 
tainment. So far from there being a conflict between these 
objects no one so successfully pursues either of them alone as 
both of them together ; and this professor Frazier proved. 
It is reassuring that such men should be found in this 
epoch and country, as they occasionally are, resembling intact 
wax images amongst the blackened ruins of a conflagration. 
— Persifor Frazer, March 24, 1^05. 
DEEP WELLS AS A SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY FOR 
MINNEAPOLIS.* 
By N. H. WiNCHELL, Minneapolis, Minn. 
PLATES XVI— XIX. 
Introduction. It was thirty-two years ago that I first made 
observations on the deep wells of the city of Minneapolis. At 
that time a few wells were active, flowing, and others rose 
sufficiently high to supply water by pumping. As the survey 
of the state progressed the conditions of the underlying rocks 
and their geographic extent were fully ascertained and some 
of the principles upon which depends the water supply in 
these wells were definitely learned. It was found that the 
basins underlying the city pertained to certain definite rock 
horizons, the outside limits of which are represented upon the 
map herewith exhibited (Fig. i). On this map only two of 
these horizons are shown, namely, that which is 400 feet below 
the surface and that which is 200 feet below the surface. The 
former of these basins has an extent north and south from Pine 
county on the north to Faribault county on the south, and from 
the southern part of Wright county on the west to the 
St. Croix river on the east, embracing an area of 10,080 square 
miles. The thickness of the rock embraced in this horizon 
is approximately 90 feet. Supposing the rock thus em- 
braced to be occupied throughout by one-tenth part of 
its bulk by water, the number of gallons contained in that res- 
• Address of Prof. N. H. Winchcll, at the Banquet of the Real Estate 
Board, February 15, 1905. 
