Artesian Water for Minneapolis.— Winchell. 271 
which reach 600 feet are found to be objectionable for steam- 
making in boilers because of their hardness, producing a very 
troublesome scale. Such wells, therefore, have been objected 
to very seriously and, since they constitute the most used and 
best known wells in the city, the whole scheme of artesian water 
has been tabooed on account of the bad reputation of these very 
deep wells. 
The wells, however, which are shallow, coming from the 
Jordan sandstone or the St. Peter sandstone, afford a water 
which is not seriously subject to this objection. Chemical an- 
alysis of the water coming from say 400 feet, shows that the 
water is very palatable, is free from sulphureted hydrogen and 
has hardness not much in excess of that of the river water. I 
can quote here the following wells to illustrate this character of 
water : The wells at the North Star Malting Co. and the wells 
at City Workhouse, at the Home for Children and at the North 
Star Woolen Mill. 
But the wells from the St. Peter sandstone, whether at the 
full depth of 200 feet or less than 200 feet, afford a water which 
is still softer. This is probably due to the fact that this water 
is more nearly like the surface drainage of this part of the state, 
not having come into contact with contaminating minerals, and 
is more directly dependent on the Mississippi river. The chem- 
ical character of this water is illustrated by analyses of the fol- 
lowing wells : Groveland Flats, the Baushfield Wooden Works, 
Washburn "C" mill, Washburn "B" mill, the C. A. Smith well 
at Camden Place, and numerous others. 
It is quite evident therefore that the water which is derived 
from the St. Peter sandstone does not differ materially from 
the spring water which is distributed through the city and sold 
from wagons, and that it is a little softer than the river water 
in winter. It is also evident that the water derived from the 
Jordan sandstone is of a superior quality and fit for all domestic 
purposes and could be used in boilers, though in some cases 
perhaps requiring a softener. 
3. Can It Be Pumped to the City Reservoir? Owing to the 
existence of these basins below the whole city and extending 
widely into the country, it is evident that deep wells could be 
sunk successfully to them at any place in the city limits. Since 
the water rises sometimes to overflow and sometimes to 
