Artesian Water for Minneapolis. — Winchell. 289 
Company's well with that of the Daniels Linseed Oil well, the 
former 859 feet deep and the latter 143 feet deep. The total 
hardness of the shallow well is 22. grains per U. S. gallon, while 
that of the deep well is but 16.5 per U. S. gallon, which is ap- 
proximately the same as the river water in winter. A large per 
cent of the hardness of the shallow well in this case arises from 
the presence of 69 grains per gallon of sulphuric acid, which is 
the index of permanent hardness. In other respects they are 
both comparatively soft waters and do not differ materially 
from the river water in winter. What may be the source of this 
large amount of sulphuric acid in the shallow well it is useless 
to inquire. The Lumber Exchange well, 350 feet deep, has a 
hardness of 17.5 grains per gallon, a degree which the river 
water probably never reaches, but which is but little less than 
that of the West Hotel well, which goes to the depth of 650 
feet. Again, the water of the Glenwood-Inglewood springs 
has a total hardness of 14. per gallon, and that of the North 
Star Malting Co., 15.5, the former from very shallow wells not 
penetrating the rock but deriving water from the St. Peter 
basin, and the latter from a well 420 feet deep. The hardest 
water reported is that of the Chamber of Commerce, 32 grains 
per gallon, 550 feet deep, and the softest water is that from 
the Groveland Flats, 13 grains per gallon, 172 feet deep. 
There are other anomalies that might be mentioned. For in- 
stance, the element of hardness differs as much as 50 per cent 
-when reported by different analysts, from the same well. ' Some 
wells may be cased so that water rises from a different rock 
from that which expresses the total depth of the well, or may 
suck water from two or more basins Some may derive water 
and certain peculiarities from surface contamination. These 
considerations lead to the necessity of great caution in basing 
any positive statements on the isolated analyses that are avail- 
able. 
However, from the chemical analyses that have been exam- 
ined it is safe to draw the following general conclusions : 
I. The wells over 450 feet in depth have a greater average 
hardness than those less than 450 feet, and some of those that 
-derive water from the St. Peter sandstone have about the same 
hardness as that of the river water. 
