The Pegmatyte Veins of Pala — Waring: 365 
of the aventurine variety, and the surface is often corroded 
into a series of sharp ridges by the removal of microcHne 
and greater resistance of the albite to alkaline waters, as 
shown in the twin crystal illustrated. Iron oxide also 
seems to be deposited by these waters, in the interstices of 
the crystals, staining them red. Many of the beryls are 
• also corroded or partly dissolved, as shown in plate xxvi, 
fig- 2. 
Neither kunzite, lepidolite nor amblygonite has yet 
been found in this region. Albite also is rather uncommon. 
Spring Waters. The waters of three springs — one 
from Rincon and two from near Pala — have been tested 
spectroscopically for lithia but show no trace. They are 
all three alike in containing only about eighteen grains of 
solid matter to the U. S. gallon. This consists mostly of 
the chlorides and carbonates of potassium, sodium and cal- 
cium. 
Origin of the Veins, All the observed facts point to 
the hydrothermal origin of these veins. As Lehmann* ex- 
presses it ; "as a result of crystallization of a parent mass 
and the concentration of water in the residual uncrystallized 
part, a gelatinous magma rich in silica is formed. Between 
such a gelatinous magma and a saturated aqueous solution 
a large number of consecutive intermediate stages can be 
imagined." Such a cooling and crystallizing magma would 
fulfill all the conditions demanded by the structure of the 
veins of this region. The three phases of pegmatization 
as given by Van Hiset seem exhibited in these dykes. 
The graphic granite without doubt represents crystal- 
lization from a solution mainly aqueous, the central miner- 
alized portion hydro-thermal action, while the lower garnet 
quartzyte crystallized from a more gelatinous magma. 
Thin sections of the graphic granite cut perpendicular 
to the long axes of the crystals show the quartz all to be 
oriented the same way. Sections of the garnet rock show 
the minute garnets to be perfectly formed. The follow- 
* Monograph xlvii V . S. Geol. Survey. Van Hise A treatise on Met 
amorphism. p. 722. 
t Monograph xlvli T'. S. Geol. Survey. Van Hise. A treatise on Met- 
moTphistn. j). 725. 
