"24: 11 f AiU'jvleau Ueoloijixt . .i.iiiii;ir>, i-w 
Ulc, to tl)(' :iiu*i('iit \v:ili'i-l)(»i]y :ui<l :is iicnr :is possildc to a point 
previously IcveU-d. 
AI)OVi' tlu' \v:iti'r-l:ii<l clay and sand tlici'c is in most cases a 
belt of ijravel. and still iiiglier. when' sediment is almost want- 
ins>. there are nion* or less eonspienons marks of erosion and 
water-wash up to a definite iiori/,<»ntai limit. In favor:dile locali- 
tii'S this can lie determined with an accuracy of from a fi'W feet 
to less than one foot. Later on 1 will i^ive a more detailed ac- 
count of the meth()ds ] hav«' emjdoyed for thesi' determinations. 
1 will only emphasize here that while ueologists have to«» ofteji 
measured the highest conspicin)Us shore-lin»>s which happen<'d to 
l>e dev«'loped in a certain locality. 1 have used such tigures only 
for the first approximation and when nothino else was available. 
On tlu' <»th«'r hand, 1 have always tried to choose hill-slopes so 
uniform that evidently the till aliove the measured limit, had it 
also been submerijed. must necessarily have shown traces of 
■water action in addition to the assorted, washed, and ndled 
material below. 
Up to the present time 1 have thus leveled tlie marine limit at 
aliout seventy ditt«'r(Mit points in the southern and central parts 
of Sweden and in a few places in southern Norway. l-'or north- 
ern Sweden I hnve three or four a()i)roximate but iin[>ortant de- 
terminations by Hr>gbom. Svcnonins. and Munthe. Kor the 
other parts of the Scandinavian region of uplift the uppermost 
marine limit is not yet determined, but there are in geological 
literature a irreat numl»er of measurements of the hight of raised 
beaches and marine sedinu'uts. and from these T have tried to as- 
c<'rtain the liighest available minimum figures for different tracts 
in the region. Whib' they are only i»reliminarv. they nexfrthe- 
leS8 point very clearly to the sami' laws for the upheiival of land 
that T f<!und to prevail in Sweden and it seems allowalde to use 
them for the present, of course with ^\\\k' reservation, as the 
princi|)al conclusions dniwn from them will pidltalily n<tt be es- 
sentially change<l by future more accurate detei'ininations. 
To get w general view of the warping of land since the forma- 
tion of the marint' limit I have used the gra|»liic method of Mr. 
(J. K. <!ill>ert (see his admiralile work on biike IJonneville) an<i 
liave connected with lines of e([Ual deformation, or as 1 have 
called them i.sohiis<s. such points of tiic limit as were upliftcij to 
the same hight. 
