The l*re- Cretaceous of Californat. — Fa'irhanlis. 83 
tiou have failed to note the structural relations existing. The 
complicated topography does not indicate such difficult geological 
problems. Two forces acting at an angle with each other in this 
region are amph' sufficient to account for the irregularity exhib- 
ited. 
Yery interesting questions remain to be solved with regard to 
the granitic rocks of southern California. Do they all date from 
the pre-Cretaceous upheaval or are there older formations ? The 
presence of Archa?an granite in the canon of the Colorado is 
amply proved, but the relation of the crystalline rocks of eastern 
California to this primitive formation is not known. It ma}' be 
well to emphasize the fact that the granitic rocks of the Santa 
Ana range, which are inseparable geologically from the whole 
Peninsula range, do not underlie the Carboniferous limestone and 
shales, nor have the}^ been brought to light by simple uplifting or 
faulting, in which case they would be older, but are present 
solely as far as my observations have gone, as intrusions squeezed 
into the sedimentar}' rocks in a molten condition at the time of 
the formation of the mountain system. I can find no phenomena 
in any portion of the Coast ranges to support the view that the 
granite simpl}' underlies the pre-Cretaceous series, but it seems 
always to have been the agent of upheaA'al and metamorph- 
ism. 
Dr. Becker in his monograph on the quicksilver deposits, says : 
' ' At the Comstock and at Steamboat Springs, as well as on the 
eastern slope of the Sierra, granite immediately underlies strata 
at least as old as the Mesozoic. In the Coast ranges, also, 
Neocomian beds rest upon it. No distinctly' intrusive granite of 
Mesozoic or Tertiary age has been recognized in the present in- 
vestigation. That such exists, as asserted b}' Prof. Whitney, I 
by no means deny; but there is at least some ground for suppos- 
ing that the main part of the rock is Archaean." * 
In another publication speaking of some Triassic beds inclosed 
in the granite of the high Sierras, Dr. Becker says : " The main 
mass of the granite of the Sierra is earlier than the Aucella beds 
and in part at least later than these Triassic beds." t 
My work has led me over a great part of the Coast ranges 
from San Diego to Siskiyou counties, and along much of tlie 
* Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits, page 141. 
t Bull. CTeological Hoc. of America, Vol. 2, <'ee 208. 
