Early Man in Minnesota. — Holmes. 223 
site for settlement either b}' savage or civilized communities. 
The occupation of the terraces adjoining the rapids by our iiis- 
toric aborigines was natural and inevitable, and I began at once 
to seek evidence of their presence, hoping readily to secure 
material for a comparison of their arts and industries with the re- 
puted works of the ice age. Village sites were easily found on 
the terraces adjoining the lower end of the former cascades, one 
on the east side occurring on the remnant of a subordinate bench 
at the end of the dam and another on the west side three or four 
hundred yards farther down. 
The western village was located on the post-glacial flood plain, 
and was manifestly recent, the site being covered with clusters of 
fire-marked stones — boiling or hearth stones — and with flaked 
quartz-refuse and hammerstones of ordinary types. The entire 
surface was grassed over and observations could not be readily 
made save on the banks of the river and in gullies cut by mill-race 
overflows. On the surface of the terrace perhaps one hundred and 
fift}' 3'ards below the west abutment of the dam, a wagon trail had 
cut the sod, exposing a nest of quartz fragments, which I dug out, 
finding them to be the usual quartz shop refuse consisting of 
flakes, parti}' shaped rejects and angular masses. The cluster was 
some three or four feet in horizontal extent and two or three 
inches deep in the middle, thinning out at the margins. It had 
not been seriously disturbed since left by the arrow-maker, save 
perhaps that such large pieces of stone as projected above the sod 
had been removed. In the side of a deep wash just below the 
lower mill, and between three and four hundred yards lielow the 
dam, the section of a similar shop cluster was exposed. There 
was visible in the vertical bank onl}' a band of white chips, two or 
three inches deep in the middle and thinning out at the edges as 
in the other case, the deposit being covered by an inch or two of 
soil. Working this material out carefully with a hand pick, 1 se- 
cured about a peck of the ordinary (puirtz refuse and two pitted 
stones; the latter were found near what was originally the middle 
of the shop, just as left by the artisan who did the work. 
These stones are both quartzite bowlders. The larger is but 
imperfectl}' rounded, being rudely pyramidal. It is six inches 
long and four in greatest thickness. One flattish side is deeply 
pitted by pecking, and the opposite side is slightly roughened by 
the same process. The pointed end is battered, indicating that 
