Early Man in Minnesota. — Holmes. 237 
accumulated in places to the depth of from three to five feet, giv. 
ing rise to obscure elevations along the edge of the terrace; and 
it appeared that any part of the loam could thus have been 
worked over within recent times, distributing the bits of quartz 
from surface shops throughout the mass. An}^ one of these ob- 
servations would have been sufficient to enable me seriously to 
call in ([uestion the conclusion that the quartzes were originally 
included in the loam, but I sought an agenc}' entirely competent 
and satisfactory. 
Passing through the western part of the village I came upon a 
large area recent!}' cleared of its growth of ^"oung forest trees. 
The surface was varied b}' countless humps and hollows, and I 
found, by careful inspection, that it was the site of an ancient 
forest which had been uprooted by a tornado. A few of the great 
root masses were still presers-ed, and in some cases where the 
wood had entireh' disappeared the mounds of earth were still 
three feet high and the associated pits or hollows were nearly that 
deep. The humps and pits were so numerous as to disturb nearly 
one-half of the original level surface of the ground, and the dis- 
turbance must have extended in man}^ cases to a depth of from 
four to six feet. Here, evidently, was the distributing agency 
sought, and one entirely competent to accomplish all that had been 
observed of distribution. Not only was this much obvious, but it 
appeared, further, that a factor}^ site upon which relics were dis- 
tributed, disturbed b}^ such an uprooting of forest trees, could 
not do otherwise than present exactl}' the conditions observed in 
the loams of the terrace plain. Indeed, it may be said that, in a 
localit)' where forests grow on and in deposits so unstable as are 
these Little Falls loams, it is impossible that surface accumula- 
tions of articles of stone should remain for a long period entirely 
upon the surface; and the explanation thus furnished of the dis- 
tribution of the worked quartzes of this locality through the 
glacial deposits, to the depth of four feet or more, is so satisfac- 
tory that no other theories are called for and little further discus- 
sion seems necessar}'. 
The processes of distribution of surface articles throughout the 
superficial loams by this agency ma^' be illustrated by a series of 
sections. The section presented in fig. 4 exhibits the conditions, 
of a cluster of shop sites such as had accumulated on the prairie 
margin when the manufacture of quartz implements was going 
