358 The American Geologist. May, isos 
author, writing from his point of view as a geologist, gives the following 
summary of his conclusions relating to the earliest traces of man in 
Russia and his relationship to the Glacial period. 
1. The subdivision of the age of stone into the Paleolithic and Neo- 
lithic epochs should be defended for European Russia, because it coin- 
cides with the geologic division into Pleistocene and INIodern, based on 
paleontologic data. 
3. Study of the glacial deposits of Finland and western Russia fur- 
nishes no proof of two distinct epochs of glaciation and an interglacial 
epoch; all the facts can be explained by the oscillation of the ice-sheet 
during its retreat, which was gradual but irregular. 
3. Even if one accepts the Swedish and German theory of the subdi- 
vision of the Glacial period in two epochs, the second glaciation can be 
affirmed only in the northwestern area, in a limited part of the Baltic 
region of Finland, and of the province of Olonetz. 
4. The remaining part of Russia subjected to glaciation has only 
drift corresponding to the first glacial epoch of Swedish geologists. 
5. At the time of maximum glaciation, the greater part of Russia 
presented the aspect of a desert of ice, comparable with that of Green- 
land; it bore no drift on its surface, and had no elevation above the ice 
sheet, where vegetation could be preserved. 
6. The time corresponding to the interglacial epoch and to that of 
the second glaciation of Swedish geologists was probably for the greater 
part of Russia the epoch of formation of the ancient lakedeposits,loess, 
and highest river terraces, containing bones of the mammotli and other 
extinct mammals, which abounded while Scandinavia and Finland were 
still covered by the ice-sheet. 
7. Agreeing with the composition and origin of its Quaternary de- 
posits, Russia may be subdivided in a series of districts characterized 
by variations in the fauna of the immense Russian plain during the 
Quaternary era and the formation of its superficial deposits. 
8. In the second half of the Glacial or Pleistocene period, the mam- 
moth and other large animals lived in great number in southern and 
eastern Russia. As fast as the ice-sheet retreated, these animals ad- 
vanced to the north and northwest; toward the end of the Pleistocene 
they reached Finland for a very little time, and then disappeared soon 
throughout Russia, but probably lingered latest in its northeast part 
and in western Siberia. 
9. Man lived contemporaneously with the mammoth during the second 
half of the Glacial period along the boundary of the glaciation, possessing 
much industrial skill and using fire, but producing only implements of 
flaked flint. Following the recession of the ice-sheet man advanced 
toward ihe north and northwest, reaching Finland and the Baltic region 
after the end of the glaciation and after the disappearance of the mam- 
moth; but he then had attained the more advanced culture of the Neo- 
lithic epoch, making both flaked and polished stone implements, pot- 
tery, etc. 
10. European Russia presents no traces of man's existence during 
the first half of the Pleistocene or any earlier time. 
