Evolution of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. — Crane. 401 
Morse, Brooks, and Beyer, and of late Dr. Beecher and Mr. Clarke, have 
revealed suggestive phases in the developmental history of typical gen- 
era and well-known species. Now professor James Hall and Mr. J. M. 
Clarke have sifted and compared the vast accumulations of data recorded 
by earlier writers by the older methods of descriptive paleontology, 
and, combining the results thus gained with the best features of the 
new school of investigators, have effected a revolution in the general 
treatment of the entire class of Brachiopoda. They trace important 
stages in the phylogeny of the fossil forms and various links connecting 
them through their immediate successors with the surviving members 
of the group. 
Much of this work could not possibly have been accomplished had it 
not been for the mass of descriptions and figures of the vast number of 
species recorded in the work of Barrande, Davidson, De Koninck, 
D'Orbigny, Defrance, Deslongchamps, Suess, Lindstrom, Pander, Quen- 
stedt, Geinitz, Littell, Oppel, Oehlert,Waagen,and Neumayr, in Europe, 
and Billings, Hall, Clarke, Meek, Shumard,Worthen,Walcott, White, Whit- 
field, and others on the continent of America. 
The warm and discriminating recognition of the valued labors of his 
European fellow-workers is one of the most agreeable features of pro- 
fessor Hall's new volume. It is pleasant to read "of the greatest of all 
works on the Brachiopoda by Thomas Davidson," of the just apprecia- 
tion of Barrande's herculean efl'orts in the Silurian field, of the excel- 
lence of William King's anatomical investigations, to find Pander's early 
work valued and his names restored. These are just and generous tri- 
butes to the memory of comrades who have gone before, most welcome 
in these latter days of that strident "individualism" which is often mere 
egotism in disguise. 
The New York paleontologist's recent work is not only a critical 
rdsinnd with descriptions and figures of the Brachiopoda of New York, 
but a careful analysis of the results of the labors of his predecessors and 
contemporaries in the same extended paleozoic field of research in the 
United States, Canada, Russia, Sweden, and Great Britain, This gives 
it a cosmopolitan value, and affords opportunity, by means of critical 
comparisons of genera, species,and varieties from the geological horizons 
of both hemispheres, to recognize the identity of species, to define syno- 
nyms, to collate genera and sub-genera, to indicate their inter-relation- 
ships, and to illustrate the passage-forms linking one group, or assem- 
blage of allied genera, to another. To this branch of the subject we 
must now restrict our observations. 
With singular modesty the authors refrain, for the present, from pro- 
posing any new scheme of classification. The primary division of the 
class into two orders comprising the non-articulated and articulated 
genera is adopted. We fail to see why Owen's names of Luoponuita, or 
"loose valves," and ArthroponuiUt, or "jointed valve?,"should have been 
discarded, for they define the same limits and distinctions as Huxley's 
simpler, but later, names, ArticiUaUt and InnrticuhtUi, the first of which 
was employed by Deshayes to designate certain forms of Brachiopoda 
