Beach Phenomena at Quaco, N. B. — Whittle. 185 
been derived from the Triassic sandstone, is the usual red that 
characterizes that formation, 011I3- perhaps it is a little more bril- 
liant than the color of the Connecticut Triassic. The broad, 
gentry-inclined beach taken as a whole and seen through the blue- 
green waters of the ba}' coupled with the steep cliffs that appear 
purple in the distance, and which in many places present mural 
faces three hundred feet high, is wonderfully beautiful. 
In genesis the phenomena shown along the upper or present 
main beach line depend on several geological processes. The 
geology of the area immediately about the harbor, although rel- 
atively simple, is extremely interesting. At the south end a 
rugged promontory, called Quaco Head, some eighty feet in hight, 
projects into the bay for a distance of nearly a mile. This on the 
south-east side is made up of Carboniferous rock (which carries the 
manganese ore-bodies of the province) dipping gently nearly due 
south. The lowest member revealed is a much-altered melaphyre, 
probably extensive, on which lies a fine-grained, agglomeritic lime- 
stone carrying masses of melaphyre at its base, varying in diam- 
eter from mere pebbles up to boulders several feet across. 
Scattered through it and a calcareous shale next above, occur 
manganese ores as veins traversing the strata at random and con- 
cretionary masses occupying a definite zone. On the north side of 
the head are thin-bedded sandstones and shales of Triassic age 
dipping gently north-west and lying unconformably upon the Car- 
boniferous — the line of contact between the two, being beauti- 
fully exposed in a cliff a little distance down the coast south of 
the head. Here the Triassic carries numerous pebbles derived 
from a small bed occurring in the Carboniferous, approximately a 
foot in thickness. 
The red sandstone, following the coast northward through the 
village of West Quaco, passes into a typical beach conglomerate 
lying in the same position as farther south, and forming cliffs 
against which the present waves break at high tide. Induration 
of the conglomerate is but slightly advanced as the pebbles are 
easily separated from one another with the hands. The mutual 
interpenetration of sand grains observed in much indurated 
quartzites, however is well illustrated here. All the pebbles show 
perfect impressions of these pebbles juxtaposed. The impressions 
are bestdeveloped upon the flat surfaces, indicating that gravity was 
