BRACHIOPODA. 
59 
As long as our knowledge of the interior characters of Lingtjlella is limited 
to the few species cited, the genus may tentatively include such forms as have 
shown the high cardinal area and the distinct pedicle-slit. It is, however, in 
a broad sense, characteristic of the first or primordial faunas, and it has not 
been satisfactorily demonstrated that any species outside these faunas can be 
safely referred to the genus. Lingulella Iowensis, (Owen) Whitfield, is a proper 
Lingula ; Lingulella Cincinnatiensis, Hall and Whitfield, probably belongs to the 
same genus. The Lingula paliformis, Hall, of the Hamilton shales, has a distinct 
cardinal area, an apparently sharply defined pedicle-slit, with faint linear muscu¬ 
lar or septal scars. It does not appear to be a true Lingula, and, with our present 
knowledge, it is impossible to discover wherein it differs from Lingulella. 
This genus has proved much more abundant in American than in European 
faunas, but of the twenty-five or more species which have appeared in American 
literature under this generic designation, fully two-fifths should be eliminated; 
while, on the other hand, some species passing current under the genus Lingula 
may eventually prove to be Lingulella. 
Genus LINGULEPIS, Hall. 1863. 
PLATE I, FIGS. 35, 36. 
1847. Lingula, (Conrad) Hall. Palaeontology N. Y., vol. i, p. 3, pi. i, fig. 3. 
1851. LingxCla, Hall. Foster and Whitney’s Rept. Geol. Lake Superior, p. 204, pi. xxiii, fig. 2. 
1852. Lingula, Owen. Rept. Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, p. 583, pi. i b, figs. 4, 6, 8. 
1863. Lingulepis, Hall. Sixteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 129, pi. vi, figs. 12-16. 
1875. Lingulepis, Whitfield. Ludlow’s Rept. Reconnais. Black Hills, p. 103. 
(?) 1876. Lingulepis, N. H. Winchell. Fourth Ann. Rept. Geological Survey of Minnesota, p. 41, fig. 6.’ 
1877. Lingulepis, Hall and Whitfield. King’s Rept. U. S. Expl. Fortieth Parallel, pp. 206, 207, 232. 
1877. Lingulepis, Whitfield. Prelim. Rept. Palaeontology Black Hills, pp. 8, 9, pi. ii, figs. 5-9. 
1882. Lingulepis, Whitfield. Geology of Wisconsin, vol. iv, p. 169, pi. i, figs. 1, 2. 
1884. Lingulepis, Whitfield. Bull. American Museum of Natural History, vol. i, No. 5, p. 141. 
“ Shells linguloid, inequivalve, equilateral, oval-ovate or spatulate; muscular 
impression in one valve, flabelliform; in the other, tripartite, the lateral divi¬ 
sions larger. Shell corneous, phosphatic.”* 
Type, Lingula pinnijor mis, Owen. 
Since the original description of this genus, little has been added to our 
knowledge of its characters. The number of species that can be assigned to 
Hall. Sixteenth Report New York State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 126. 1863. 
