Wave-formed Qispate Forelands. — Tarr. 3 
to the south. Very shght local conditions will determine 
which of these results will be accomplished, and as these vary 
the delta form likewise changes. 
The effects of these two sets of waves sometimes builds 
spits, which reach directly out into the water, possibly curving 
at the end; and when they do so, curving toward the south. 
Sometimes these spits are supplied with debris mainly by 
streams; but in others, and in one verv notable case, Crowbar 
point (PI. I, Fig. i), a few miles north of Ithaca, the spit is 
supplied entirely by the waves. It is made of shale pebbles, 
and projects directly out into the lake from an exposed point 
where the direction of the shore turns somewhat. 
This is distinctly an instance of the efficiency of wave 
work, both in supplying the materials and in building them 
into projecting forelands. Pebbles are brought from the south 
and from the north, and at this particular point the battle 
of the waves has driven them out into the lake. The predomi- 
nance of the north winds has turned the end of the spit some- 
what toward the south. Here then is a case, not indeed of a 
true cuspate foreland, but of a closely allied form, that is wave 
built. There is no stream supply, there is of course no notable 
tidal action in the lake, and the action of currents is not com- 
petent to move the coarse material. Shore currents of wind- 
drift origin, often lasting long after the exciting cause has 
disappeared, are well known in lake Cayuga, and they are 
doing work ; but even during the most violent winds, one will 
never find currents of sufficient power to transport pebbles 
weighing from an eighth to a quarter of a pound. 
There is but one cause left, and this is the waves them- 
selves. These are abundantly able to perform the work, and 
to me would occur first of all as a most probable cause. One 
has but to watch the waves work to see how natural is this 
action. Passing nearly parallel to the coast, or, as for that 
matter, diagonally to it, the wave breaks and moves forward 
as a surf of considerable force. By this forward movement 
the pebbles are picked up and pushed along the shore. Again 
and again this is done, as wave succeeds wave, and gradually 
the pebbles migrate toward a place where they must come to 
rest, either in the deep water, or else in the lee of a point. To 
this place both the north- and south-moving waves may be 
