Wave-formed Ctt spate Forelands. — Tarr. 7 
There is no stream supply for this foreland, but the source 
of the material is the clififs of Carboniferous sandstone and 
shale at the base of the bar (PI. II, Fig. i). On the northern 
or seaward side these rise as wave-cut clififs, and from their 
base there extends outward, toward the end of the bar, a 
beach of large, wave-wrested fragments. These become small- 
er in size and more rounded as the end of the bar is ap- 
proached; but even at the light house, wdiich stands on the 
very end, the beach is in large measure made of pebbles. 
This part of the harbor is exposed to heavy waves from the 
north, and, aside from the cuspate foreland itself, there is 
other evidence of their action. The clififs are distinctly wave- 
cut, the beaches contain large rock fragments, and the beach- 
face of the bar is high, showing evidence that the waves at 
times attain great force and power. On the southern side 
there is much less activity, and here the bar is less perfectly 
developed. 
It is said that tliis cuspate foreland is wave built. There is 
direct evidence of this in the bight of the bar, the nature of 
the materials and their evident source. The same conclu- 
sion can 1)6 reached by the process of elimination. The fore- 
land is not stream supplied, for there are no streams at its 
base. It is not the result of currents, for these could not 
move the larger materials; and, moreover, the people familiar 
with the harbor say that there are no rapid currents. The 
foreland is not the result of tidal action for the same reason; 
the rise and fall of the tide is slight and there are no very 
marked tidal currents. The ferries running from Sydney to 
North Sydney pass close to the point several times a day, 
and the captains of these boats assured me that there were 
no verv noticeable currents, excepting the gentle inflow and 
outflow of the tide. 
In this case, as in Crowbar point on lake Cayuga, the 
waives have driven materials along shore until a slight change 
in the direction of the coast has been reached, and then have 
driven this material out into the bay. The less powerful 
southern waves have done the same; but here a single spit 
has not resulted, mainly because of the greater force of the 
north waves, which have caused the end to be deflected to 
the south, but partly because the change in direction of the 
