Wave-formed Ciispate Forelands. — Tarr. ii 
water.* At the end of this there is a hook, no doubt because 
the weaker winds from the north (right), which have only a 
very narrow and protected valley in which to blow, are able 
to turn the supply backward toward the south, vmder the pro- 
tection of the bar that has grown northward. In other words, 
the supply driven along this bent end is not sufficient to build 
the bar further north in opposition to the tendency of the very 
weak opposing waves to drive the materials backward. 
In the Bras d'Or there seems to be evidence that under 
certain conditions a hook will change to a cuspate foreland. 
This has been partly stated above in the explanation of the 
Barrachois hook. There, in an enclosed arm of the sea, a 
bar that is growing outward is bent, not directly back to- 
ward the^ coast, but up the channel before the stronger waves. 
In the more open waters of the Bras d'Or, heavy waves often 
come directly upon the shore, or else reach it at a high angle. 
Such action will naturally tend to interfere with the onHvard 
growth of a bar which is being constructed by the drift of 
materials before the waves that reach the shore diagonally; 
and when, finally, the outward growth of this bar becomes 
slow, because of diminished supply, the on-shore wind waves 
at first produce a hook at the end, and then commence to 
build a bar toward the shore (PI. IV, Fig. 2). There are sev- 
eral cases of this nature in which a bar, proceeding outward 
for some distance, turns landward and produces a partial 
hook, which is apparently an incomplete V-shaped cuspate 
foreland. In other cases a small bar is starting out from the 
land to meet the recurved end of that arm which has developed 
most notably (PI. Ill, Fig. 3). Then we have a nearly com- 
plete cuspate foreland, which would be complete if the end 
of the recurved bar, and that of the small one extending out 
from the shore, were finally united. Such, I believe, is the 
origin of many, and perhaps all, of the cuspate forelands of the 
Bras d'Or; and there seems to be nearly every gradation be- 
tween the single bar, the bar hooked at the end, and the 
double V-shaped cuspate foreland, f The nearly soldered 
♦The water is shallower on the inner side of the hook, but even here 
is deep. 
tit happens that the two ilkistralions of these j^radations here repro- 
duced are from bars of a very similar nature, whose basal ends are on 
islands which the bars are engaged in tying to the mainland. Here cus- 
pate forelands are built, though they arc made to include off-shore 
islands. 
