Bos i?i the Quaternary of Arizona. — Blake. 67 
The occurrences in America have been noted chiefly by 
Carpenter, Harlan, Leidy and Marsh; while abroad we are 
indebted for description and memoir chiefly to Cuvier, 
Owen and Dawkins. 
A brief resume of this literature is desirable. 
Cuvier as early as 1825* described several different speci- 
mens of the remains of Bos, and gave figures and measure- 
ments, cited later by Dawkins and others, and which will, also 
be found in the annexed tabular statement. Cuvier observes 
of the specimen. No. i of the table, that according to the pro- 
portion of Bos taurus the skull would indicate an animal 
twelve feet long and six and a half feet high at the withers. A 
more perfect specimen was dug from the peat bog of Saint 
Vrain in the Canton of Arpajon (No. 2 of the table). No. 5 
of the table was taken from the drift of Clacton in Essex and 
was described by Mr. Brown, of Stanway,f and cited oy Daw- 
kins. 
Dawkins in his memoir upon the "Fossil British Oxen,"" 
considers them under three heads or groups. J i. The 
Great Urus, Bos urus of Julius Caesar: 2. The small short- 
horn, Bos longifrons of Prof. Owen : 3. The bison. Bos bison 
of Pliny. He states, "The large fossil ox of the Pleistocene 
period termed Bos primigenius by Bojanus and Prof. Owen 
differs in no respect from the Bos urus of the prehistoric and 
historical period." In Pleistocene times it wandered in vast 
herds over northern, central and western Europe, and accord- 
ing to Bojanus, over southern Russia and in company with 
the woolly rhinoceras (R. tichorinus), and the mammoth fre- 
quently fell a prey to the cave-hyena and the cave-lion. The 
date of its extinction in Britain is a vexed question. In 
Scania a skeleton was found in a peat bog. The animal had 
been hunted by man for it had been pierced by a javelin. 
Bones of this species are to be found in the lakes around the 
piles of the ancient lake dwellers. Its name occurs in the writ- 
ings of Pliny, Martial and Seneca. Dawkins expresses the opin- 
*Ossements Fossiles t. IV, p. 150, 3d Edition. 
tMag. Nat. Hist., n. s. 1838, p. 163. 
JW. Boyd Dawkins, M. A. F. G. S., "On the Fossil British Oxen," 
Quart Jour. Geol. Soc. Lon.. XXII, 392. 
