Fjords and Submerged Valleys of Europe. — Upham. loi 
remained undissolved to ' show that hydrochloric acid of the 
usual dilution is quite insufficient to completely dissolve the 
magnetite. 
Attention is further called to the large percentage of 
alumina extracted by the various acids in the above table. In- 
vestigation by others has shown that the amount of this con- 
stituent extracted by a quarter normal solution of hydro- 
chloric acid rarely exceeds 4.75 per cent. The explanation 
in this case would seem to be in the variety of the feldspar 
since this is the principal source of the alumina in the rock. 
Both its chemical nature and optical properties pla'ce it as a 
labradorite and belonging therefore to the basic plagioclases, 
the solubility of which increases as the anorthite molecule is 
increased. 
[European and American Glacial Geology compared. VII. J 
FJORDS AND SUBMERGED V.^LLEYS OF EUROPE. 
By W.VEEEN Upham, St. Paul. Miuu. 
Hundreds of fjords, ranging from a few miles to a hundred 
miles in length, indent the hilly and mountainous plateau of 
Norway. The seashore of the country, measuring about 1,700 
nules in its general outline, is multiplied sixfold by its intri- 
cate windings and by these long, narrow, and often branching 
fjords. Along the outer shore, also, thousands of islands, 
islets, and skerries of bare rock, have been left during pro- 
longed subaerial erosion, being divided by channels which are 
the ramifying continuations of the fjords that penetrate the 
mainland. The greater parts of the steamer routes on all the 
west coast of Norway, from Stavanger to the North cape, are 
sheltered from the open sea by island breakwaters which form 
almost continuously the outer coast line. 
Beyond this present coast, the submerged border of the 
continental plateau reaches to a distance that varies from 10 
to 125 miles. It is widest for two degrees next south of the 
Arctic circle, and narrowest near lat. 69° 20', off the north end 
of Ando. The depth of the submerged continental border is 
300 to 600 feet along a distance of 200 miles upon the extensive 
bank which adjoins the mountain range of the Lofoten islands; 
