Raised Shorelines at Tro7idJijem. — Upham. 153 
by Baron De Geer.* From its high preglacial elevation the 
land there sank in the later part of the Glacial period much 
below its present hight. It was then re-elevated to such ex- 
tent that the Baltic sea became a great freshwater lake. Next 
it was again depressed lower than now, and at present it is 
slowly rising. 
The Late Glacial or Champlain subsidence was greatest 
on the west side of the Gulf of Bothnia, attaining there a max- 
imum of 885 feet at the highest observed limit of its raised 
shorelines, and in the interior of the peninsula it doubtless ex- 
ceeded 1,000 feet; but its amount decreased outward on all 
sides, being in the vicinity of Trondhjem about 525 feet, and 
much less on the outer parts of the Norwegian coast. In 
northern Denmark, I observed the very conspicuous Cham- 
plain shoreline from four to eight miles south of Frederiks- 
havn, where it is marked by a continuous sea-cliff forty to sev- 
enty-five feet high, eroded in morainic till, with its base, which 
was at the old sea level, about forty feet above the present 
seashore. 
Whether the Trondhjem district has experienced the full 
series of pendulumlike oscillations in the relations of land and 
sea which are definitely known in the south part of this penin- 
sula, being carried upward from the Champlain depression 
higher than at present, then sinking, and now again rising, 
can probably be determined by careful mapping and study of 
the modified drift in the Gula, Nid, and Stjordal valleys, tribu- 
tary from the south and east to the Trondhjem fjord and its 
arms. These valleys, in large part narrowly enclosed by high 
and precipitous mountains, bear on their sides numerous ter- 
races of gravel and sand up to hights of 100 to 300 feet, or 
more, above the streams; and at somewhat greater altitudes 
they often display little delta areas of the same modified drift, 
level and cultivated on their extent of perhaps one or two 
acres, while all the adjoining valley side is rugged rock with a 
*On Scandinavian Changes of Level during the Quaternary Period, 
Report No. g8 (Series C) of the Geol. Survey of Sweden, 66 pages, with 
maps, i8qo; Bulletin, Gcol. Soc. of America, III, 65-68, with map, 1891; 
Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, XXV, 454-477, 1892, (also in 
the Am. Geologist, XI, 22-44, Jan., 1893); On the Geographic Conditions 
of Scandinavia after the Ice Age, Report No. 161 (Series C), Geol. Sur- 
vey of Sweden, 160 pages, with 29 text illustrations, and six map plates, 
18^1. 
