Glacial Geology in America. — Faircliild. 175 
minal moraines. Excluding the references by Edward Hitch- 
cock, this is probably the earliest notice printed in the United 
States of terminal moraines in the open country, as distin- 
guished from those of alpine glaciers in the mountain valleys. 
In 1871 Mr. Gilbert described the series of recessional mo- 
raines in the Maumee valley; and from this time the study of 
morainal drift was prosecuted with more confidence. 
Probably the earliest positive recognition of the great ter- 
minal moraine of the continental ice sheet was made bv C. H. 
Hitchcock in a paper on the Long island moraine read before 
the New York Lyceum of Natural History in 1868, but never 
printed. Several years passed before there were any pub- 
lished descriptions of the terminal moraine, and it is interesting 
to note the comparative suddenness and contemporarcity with 
which several workers covered the entire line of terminal drift 
from Cape Cod to the Missouri. In 1875 G. M. Dawson rec- 
ognized the "Missouri Coteau" as marginal glacial debris. 
In 1877 T. C. Chamberlin described the Wisconsin kettle mo- 
raine and indicated the southern limit of drift from Nebraska 
to New York. This was the first definite mapping of mo- 
raines in American geology. In the same year George H. 
Cook and John C. Smock published their first paper on the 
terminal moraine crossing New Jersey, and in 1878 and 1879 
A\'arren Upham published descriptions of the terminal mo- 
raine series which he had surveyed from Staten island to cape 
Cod. In 1881 H. Carvill Lewis and G. F. Wright traced the 
same drift series across Pennsylvania, the results being printed 
in 1884. Professor Chamberlin's classic paper on the "Ter- 
minal ^Moraine of the Second Glacial Epoch" which has been 
a basal reference for all subsequent work upon the moraines 
about the great lakes, was published in 1883. It will be seen 
that within six years, 1877 to 1883. the important terminal 
and recessional moraines within the limits of the United States 
Avere located and described; and although the work in prepar- 
ation for publication, especially by professor Chamberlin, must 
liave occupied some years preceding, it is nevertheless a good 
example of the saltant character of intellectual progress. 
In 1878 professor Chamberlin correlated the cape Cod- 
Long island morainal series with the "kettle moraine" belt of 
the interior region. 
