Glacial Geology in America. — Fairchild. 179 
coincided and eventually formed ice canyons in which the paha 
were accumulated." 
Karnes.— hx an historical way it is difficult to discuss kames 
apart from eskers, as in the literature down to 1881 the several 
names employed were used quite indifferently and the tw^o 
forms of deposits were not discriminated. 
Edward Hitchcock in 1847 evidently described areas of 
kames under the name of "moraine terrace," and admitted 
that he was unable to determine their origin. 
As stated above (see under eskers) the name was first used 
discriminatively by AIcGee in 1881, and Chamberlin in 1883 
and 1884 described them as constructional forms, not ero- 
sional, as some writers had thought, and grouped them gene- 
tically w^ith water-laid drift, peripheral to the ice body and as- 
sociated with terminal moraines. 
As to the precise physical conditions under which kames, 
kame-areas and kame-moraines were formed there is still some 
uncertainty. That they were deposited by glacial streams in 
immediate relation to the ice edge is regarded as quite cer- 
tain. But were they formed on open ground, or in standing 
waters? And were they from subglacial drainage or from 
streams higher in the ice sheet? The latter question is partly 
dependent upon the amount of interglacial and superglacial 
debris. Mr. Upham has favored -the latter source of supply. 
but from the study of the Greenland glaciers Chamberlin 
thinks that both kames and eskers are from basal drift, and 
are "products of relatively active, vigorous glaciers." It 
seems that the existing glaciers of Alaska and Greenland sug- 
gest subglacial origin of the kame drift, but it is conceivable 
that the conditions of the American continental ice sheet may 
have been different. 
In 1884 professor Shaler presented an argument for the 
formation of kames in static water by detritus-burdened sub- 
glacial streams issuing from the ice front under hydraulic 
pressure. This theory might explain the majority of kame 
deposits, which with highly* accentuated' topography, seem 
more abundant in localities of marine or lacustrine submer- 
gence during the ice recession. But mounds of water-laid 
drift are found at various altitudes and such were evidently 
formed under different conditions. It might be well to dis- 
