Glacial Geology in America. — Fairchild. 187 
pies of the "piedmont" type, of Russell, the broad and com- 
paratively stagnant field, fed by streams of the alpine type. 
Excepting the little known and inaccessible Antarctic area, 
North America possesses, in Greenland, the only existing "con- 
tinental" glacier. 
The first recorded observation of glaciers in the United 
States was made by members of the Williamson Expedition, 
in 1855, as Dr. Newberry stated, in writing many years later, 
that some of his party found miniature glaciers at the heads 
of streams in the group of Oregon mountains called the Three 
Sisters; but no description was published. In 1857 Lieut. A. 
V. Kautz reported the discovery of a living glacier on Mt. 
Rainier. In 1868 E. T. Coleman explored Mt. Baker and pub- 
lished in the following year a description including the gla- 
ciers. The earliest important study made by trained geolo- 
gists was upon the glaciers of Mts. Shasta, Hood and Rainier 
in 1870, by Clarence King, S. F. Emmons and Arnold Hague. 
The first geologist to examine the Alaskan glaciers was W. 
P. Blake in 1863, his account being printed in 1867. W. H. 
Dall and Marcus Baker studied the glaciers of Yukutat bay in 
1874 and named the famous Malaspina glacier. Other ex- 
plorers were John Muir, 1878, who discovered Glacier bay 
and the glacier subsequently named after him; Dall, the sec- 
ond visit, in 1880; G. F. Wright and S. P. Baldwin in 1886; 
Lieut. Schwatka and William Libbey in 1886, who gave many 
names to the glaciers about Yakutat and Icy bays; H. F. Reid 
and H. P. Gushing in 1890; and I. C. Russell in 1890 and 1891. 
Professor Russell discriminated and named the "piedmont" 
type of glacier in 1891, from his study of the Malaspina. The 
Copper river glaciers were noted by Lieut. H. T. Allen in 
1887, and were seen by C. W. Hayes and Lieut. Schwatka in 
1891. 
The Canadian glaciers were first explored in the Selkirk- 
range by Rev. W. S. Green, in 1888. 
The Greenland ice' foot has long been seen by voyagers, 
and has been written upon since 1721. The modern study be- 
gan with Nordenskiold's first exploration, in 1870, and with 
Helland's measurements of the ice movement in 1875. The 
public is familiar with the venturesome trips on the Greenland 
ice cap by Lieutenant Peary in 1886, 1892, 1894, 1895. and the 
