194 ^'/''^ Arneficaii Geologist. September, i89» 
localities. His collections of the fossils from successive levels of the 
Cleongart section demonstrate its marine deposition through the evi- 
dence of changes of the fauna due to changes in the temperature and 
depth of the sea. It is now made impossible to suppose (as might be- 
fore have seemed a tenable hypothesis) that the materials of this de- 
posit, together with its organic contents, were washed by drainage 
from superglacial or subglacial drift, after having been glacially trans- 
ported from the old sea bed east of Kintyre over which this part of the 
ice-sheet had advanced. 
At Cleongart the shell-bearing deposit is stratified clay, 27 feet 
thick, of dark bluish gray color (excepting its upper four feet, which, 
nearly like the overlying till, is weathered to a brown or chocolate 
color), comparatively free from stones in its upper part, but contain- 
ing, throughout its whole thickness, scattered small rounded and an- 
gular stones, including rarely one that is glacially striated. Near the 
middle is a layer of about six inches of "a veritable boulder-clay," in 
which no organic remains occur. 
Above the shell-bearing clay, a grassy slope of boulder-clay (till), 
which is destitute of fossils, rises 74 feet in a distance of about 150 feet, 
to an arable field at the top of the ravine. From that point a boring 
(made by a committee of the British Association, whose report is pub- 
lished in the Proceedings of the Liverpool Meeting, 1896) went down 
76 feet through the till, and was continued in the shelly clay 21 feet 
farther, thus proving a considerable southward extension of the strati- 
fied clay. Beneath, in the exposed section and the adjacent stream 
course, is a bed of sand and gravel, which appears to be of glacial 
origin, 11 feet thick, to underlying mica schist. 
The top of the Cleongart fossiliferous bed is 178 feet above the sea. 
(These figures, and most of the definite measurements preceding and 
following, are from the report of the Association committee; while the 
descriptions of the section are partly from this report, being supple- 
mented by Dr. Munthe's observations.) About a mile distant to the 
south, in the Drumore glen, the top of a similar shelly clay, also there 
overlain by till, is 199 feet above the sea; and in the Tangy glen, about 
three miles farther south, where the Kintyre interglacial marine fossils 
were first detected in 1873, the top of the shelly clay, 13 feet or more 
in thickness, is at the altitude of 135 feet, and is overlain by about 30 
feet of till. 
Forty-five species of mollusca, all of which still live in European 
seas, are identified from the Cleongart section, as shown by combining 
the lists of Dr. David Robertson, in the Association report, and those 
of Dr. Munthe; but the most instructive collections were made by the 
latter in carefully washing samples of the clay taken from twelve dif- 
ferent levels. The fossils from the lowest accessible part of the bed, 
including Cardium gronlandicum, Leda pernula, and Yoldia lenticula, 
indicate arctic conditions, nearness of the ice-sheet, and a depth of at 
least about 40 meters (130 feet), the depression of the land being 
therefore about 300 feet, or more, below its present level. Nearly the 
same severe temperature and considerable depth of sea are indicated 
