232 TJic American Geologist. October, i89^ 
ther course to the shoals of the Dogger l)ank in the North 
sea and to the Flamborough moraine on the northeast coast 
of England.* Still later, this vast ice-sheet gradually de- 
creased, forming marginal moraines at various stages of its 
recession, until it was finally melted from the greater part of 
Norway and from southern Sweden but remained on a large 
central part of Sweden, where it had been accumulated thick- 
est. The ice surface there, during the culmination of the 
Glacial period, had doubtless surpassed in altitude the highest 
mountains of this peninsula, and its westward outflow from 
that area of ice-shed had carried many Swedish boulders over 
the mountain passes into Norway. It is very probable, too. 
that during the departure of this latest remnant of the Euro- 
pean ice-sheet its axial tract of greatest though diminishing 
thickness moved somewhat farther eastward, on account of the 
generally eastward course of storms of rain and snow, as was 
apparently true of the Minnesota lobe of the North American 
ice-sheet and of its more eastern part which was the barrier 
of the Laurentian glacial lakes. The Swedish eskers 
and shorelines and deltas of glacial lakes preserve for us very 
abundant records of the glacial recession in this part of Eur- 
ope, enabling the explorer to follow the waning ice borders 
to the latest tract upon which they opposed the drainage of 
the present river valleys. 
Within the cities of Stockholm and Upsala, and in their 
near environs, I saw admirable new sections of the eskers 
which are named from these cities, prolonged and massive 
ridges of gravel and sand, much exceeding, in magnitude of 
development, the eskers of Ireland and Great Britain, but 
equalled or surpassed by the eskers of Maine, described by 
Prof. George H. Stone, and by those surveyed and mapped 
by me in New Hampshire. On large areas of southern 
Sweden these very remarkable ridges of the coarsest modified 
drift run in many nearly parallel southerly courses and on 
either side receive tributaries from the north, so that as to par- 
allelism in their mapping they resemble the abundant river 
courses of Virginia and the Carolinas, of eastern Iowa, or of 
Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas. A sec- 
*See the sixth paper of this series. Am. Geologist, XXII, 43-49, 
July, 1898. 
