Glacial Lakes and Rivers in Szveden. — Uphani. 233 
tion of the Upsala esker, reproduced from a photograph, is 
pubhshed by Sir Henry H. Howorth in one of his most recent 
papers,* with denial of the agency of an ice-sheet for its 
origin; but if his opinions in this matter receive any cred- 
ence among European geologists, they are less agreed than in 
the United States, where, as Fairchild well said in his recent 
American Association address, the glacial origin of the drift 
has passed beyond the condition of a theory to that of a fully 
demonstrated and generally accepted fact. The work of Stone 
on the eskers and other associated modified drift of Maine, 
partly published in his earlier papers and more elaborately 
written for publication as a monograph of the United States 
Geological Survey, should be well studied by geologists in 
Europe, when such theories as the debacle explanation of the 
origin of eskers and other drift formations are still acceptable 
in their technical journals of our science. 
Eskers are rare in Norway. One of their few notable lo- 
calities in that country, and the only one that I observed, is at 
Roros, 247 miles north of Christiania on the railway to 
Trondhjem, and 2,060 feet above the sea. There an excellent 
example of an esker series, in part compound, has an extent of 
two miles, or more, from northwest to southeast, and rises 
75 to 125 feet above the adjoining land, being on the east side 
of the Glommen valley near its head. The gravel includes 
cobbles up to one or rarely two feet in diameter. From the 
courses of glacial striation in the region, it is known that the 
recession of the ice there was toward the southeast, the drain- 
age from Roros having passed northward to the Quia valley, 
over a col crossed by the railway several miles farther north, 
at 2,200 feet above the sea. 
After the waning ice-sheet had relinquished nearly all of 
Norway, remaining only on a narrow central tract in the wide 
southern part of that country, and thence extending with in- 
creasing breadth to northern Sweden, its obstruction across 
the heads of valleys that sloped down toward the northwest 
side of the receding ice caused them to contain glacially 
dammed lakes. Some of these lakes have been partly explored 
and mapped, so far as the mostly wooded and only sparsely 
*Geol. Magazine, Decade IV, vol. V, pp. 195-206 and 257-266, May 
and June, 1898. 
