250 The American Geologist Octoix-r, i89s 
5. Evidences of Epeirogenic Movements Causing and Terminat- 
ing the Ice Age. By Warren Upham, St. Paul, Minn. The ver- 
tical amount of the preglacial elevation of North America, during late 
Tertiary and early Quaternary time, is shown to have ranged from 
3.000 to 5,000 feet, according to the soundings of fjords and submerged 
valleys on our Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts, the deepest of these 
valleys, exceeding 5,200 feet, near Monterey, California, having been 
' described by Davidson a year ago. Similarly it is also known that a 
general uplift of western Europe and western Africa took place at or 
near the same time, of varying amount from a minimum of probably 
about 1,500 feet in the British Isles to maxima of about 4,000 feet in 
Scandinavia, nearly 9,000 feet in the country adjoining the southeast 
part of the bay of Biscay, and more than 6,000 feet at the mouth of 
the Congo. These great uplifts are thought to have given the cold 
and snowy climate under which the ice-sheets were amassed. But 
the lands were afterward depressed, in the closing or Champlain 
epoch of the Glacial period, to levels mostly somewhat below their 
present bights, whereby a temperate climate, with warm and even 
hot summers, was restored on the borders of the ice-sheets, melting 
them gradually from the periphery inward. Steep frontal gradients 
and vigorous glacial currents were thus produced, heaping much of the 
drift in prominent recessional moraines. 
6. Clayey Bands of the Glacial Delta of the Cuyahoga River at 
Cleveland. O., Compared with those of the Implement-bearing De- 
posits of the Glacial Delta at Trenton, N. J. By Prof. G. Frkderick 
Wright, Oberlin, Ohio. A year ago Profs. Wright, Hollick. Mer- 
cer, and Libbey, made excavations at Trenton in the field where 
Mr. Ernest Volk has been working under the direction of Prof. 
Putnam. As a result of their work, they found several implements 
from three to four feet below the surface, and beneath certain red 
clayey bands which they supposed to be a part of the original delta 
deposited at Trenton during the close of the Glacial period. In the 
meetings of the American and British Associations, however, at De- 
troit and Toronto last year, vigorous efforts were made by others 
to prove that these clayey bands do not belong to the original water 
deposition, but may have been wind-blown surfaces or lines of oxida- 
tion in the sand. During the past year Prof. Wright has made nu- 
merous observations upon excavations in a similar delta of Glacial 
age at Cleveland, where he finds a succession of reddish clayey bands 
in the sand precisely similar to those at Trenton; and at Cleveland 
they merge into cross-bedded sand and gravel on the same level, show- 
ing unequivocally that the whole is a water deposit, and that it has 
not been disturbed since the original deposition. This strongly con- 
firms the inferences drawn a year ago concerning the age and undis- 
turbed character of the deposits at Trenton from which Mr. Volk has 
derived so many implements for Prof. Putnam, indicating that men 
were present, making, using, and losing these implements at the time 
of departure of the ice-sheet. 
