American Association Meeting. 253 
14. Classification of Coastal Forms. By F. P. Gulliver, South- 
boro,_Mass. A scheme is proposed in this paper for the classification 
of the various forms of the coast according to their stage of develop- 
ment. Two markedly dififerent classes of initial forms are recog- 
nized, those following elevation of the land and those following depres- 
sion. Each class -is seen to have characteristic forms at various 
stages of its development, and the writer urges others to think of all 
the forms on the coast or along the shore as in a certain stage of 
their life-history. This will further suggest the form from which 
any given example has come and toward what form it tends to de- 
velop. 
15. Dissection of the Ural Mountains. By F. P. Gulliver. 
The Urals are seen to be pretty thoroughly planed, so that the sum- 
mits of the many ridges rise to nearly the same elevation, except a 
few commanding peaks which are found to consist of quartzyte 
or other rock more resistant than the surrounding beds. The summit- 
level plane descends gradually to the west until it merges into the 
upland levels of the great plain of Russia, while on the east in several 
places there is a rather steep fall-ofT to the Siberian plain, though in 
other places the plane of the summits merges into that of the great 
Tertiary deposits of northwestern Asia. 
Planation in general was then taken up, and distinctions were 
sought between planed surfaces formed in three ways: first, those 
formed by rivers wearing down the land to baselevel; second, those 
produced by the attack of the sea upon a stationary land-mass; and 
third, abrasion surfaces resulting from sea attack on a slowly sinking 
land-mass. 
The stages of dissection in various parts of the Ural mountains, 
and the grade-plains of dififerent streams, were compared; the re- 
sult of such comparison being that there seem to be three epicycles 
or divisions of the present cycle of erosion. (Illustrated by lantern 
slides.) 
16. Note on Monadnock. By F. P. Gulliver. The relation 
of Monadnock to the New England upland was considered, and the 
valleys in the vicinity of this mountain were described. The eleva- 
tions of two former stream grades have recently been determined in 
this region. * 
17. Spacing of Rivers with Reference to the Hypothesis of Base- 
leveling. By Prof. N. S. Shaler, Cambridge, Mass. (Read by 
title.) 
18. The Continental Divide in Nicaragua. By C. Willari:) 
Hayes, Washington, D. C. The comparatively short streams, with 
steep gradients, descending to the Pacific, have in numerous in- 
stances increased their drainage basins by capture of the headwaters 
of streams flowing eastward to lake Nicaragua and the Caribbean 
sea. In this way the water divide on the surveyed line for the Nic- 
aragua canal has been removed a considerable distance eastward, being 
