Giants' Kettles near Cliristiania and in Liiccrne. — Up/ui/n. 291 
Following' the Carboniferous limestones is a series of very 
red sandstones and shales which is not shown in confprmable 
relations to the lime but is seen in the ridges to the east of 
the latter lying with a much less sharp dip to the east. It may 
be that these beds, three or four hundred feet thick, are sup- 
ported by Carboniferous strata but the contact is not exposed. 
No fossils except the trunks of trees have been found but from 
the lithological character, position and from general analogy 
they may be supposed to represent the so-called Juratriassic 
of other parts of the territory. 
Following these red beds are the grey sand-stones and 
dark shales of the Cretaceous. It is impossible to determine 
the thickness of this formation but it is undobtedly extensive 
and, after forming the numerous ridges east of the red beds, 
the strata become less inclined and extend indefinitely to the 
east and are in places capped by the lava beds. Two rather 
small beds of coal are found in the lower part of the Creta- 
cous as here exposed. The paleontological evidence is fairly 
complete but has not been sufficiently examined. Beds of 
Ostreas occur in the shales not far from the coal and in these 
the shells are well preserved. 
[EaropeaQ aur] American Glacial Geology Compared, X.] 
GIANTS' KETTLES NEAR CHRISTIANIA AND 
IN LUCERNE. 
By Wakren Upham, St. Paul, Minn. 
The glacial rivers recorded by eskers belonged to the time 
of departure of the ice-sheet. Any very long esker was not 
deposited wholly at once; or, in other words, contemporane- 
ous origin cannot be affirmed for dififerent parts of its extent. 
Its formation took place in the peripheral, stream-ciiannelled 
margin of the ice; and it grew in length, up to 100 miles or 
more in some instances in southern Sweden, as also in ]\Iainc, 
being deposited progressively from south to north, as the con- 
tinental glacier retreated. The steepness and frequentl\- 
crooked courses of the eskers prove that they were not over- 
ridden by the ice-sheet to which they owed their origin, nor 
by any later glacial reiidvancc. Probably their material was 
