Giants' Kettles near Cliristiania and in Lucerne. — Upham. 293 
drift was excavated under Prof. Kjerulf's direction, measures 
34 feet in depth on one side and 44 feet on its higher side, hav- 
ing a nearly cyhndric but somewhat spiral or rifle-Hke form, 8 
to 12 feet in diameter. The aUitude of its mouth is 90 feet 
above the sea.* 
Taking up the question of the probable epoch or stage of 
the Ice age in which the Christiania giants' kettles were eroded, 
we are confronted by the occurrence of marine shorelines and 
shells in deposits overlying the glacial drift, which demon- 
strate that during the time of the glacial recession there the 
land was depressed about 600 feet below its present hight. It 
is impossible to ascribe the moulins and pot-holes to torren- 
•tial agency beneath the sea level, and consequently they must 
belong at Christiania to the earlier time of high land elevation 
and snow and ice accumulation. 
Our Scandinavian travels ended in the journey along the 
Denmark peninsula as described in the sixth paper of this 
series; and thence we passed, in a very busy week, through 
Hamburg, Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Linz, and Salzburg, to a 
Sunday's rest, August 8th, 1897, in Bischofshofen, a most 
quaint alpine village, which was our railway junction for the 
next day's journey through Tyrol, by Innsbruck, to Zurich. 
On Tuesday morning we took the earliest train to Lucerne; 
and, after a few hours spent in a visit to the Glacier G?.rden, 
sped onward, by railway and steamer, over the Briinig pass, 
into the upper Aare valley, to Meiringen, Brienz, Interlaken, 
and Grindelwald. The next day was occupied in excursions to 
the lower and upper Grindelwald glaciers, f and in climb- 
*"Giants' Kettles at Christiania," by W. C. Brogger and H. H. 
Reusch, in Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, London, XXX (1874), 750-771. 
tNoTES ON THE Grindelwald Glacikks. — The lower ghicier has re- 
treated about a third of a mile, and the upper glacier about a sixth of 
a mile, during the last thirty or forty years, as is known by the scanti- 
ness of vegetation and the absence of bushes and trees on the some- 
what semicircular areas so lately laid bare. The drift of these areas 
is largely waterworn, but much typical till or ground moraine is visi- 
■ ble closely adjacent to the present end of the upper glacier. 
We went about 200 feet into the upper glacier in a passage cut for 
visitors, and at its end observed the granulation of the ice, a candle 
being kept burning behind a detached block to display this structure. 
The granules are of varying size up to V/, inches long, fitting together 
with sharply defined and angular boundaries, as figured by Deeley and 
Fletcher (Am. Geologist, vol. XVII, pp. 16-29, Jan., 1896. with a plate 
which shows sections of glacier ice, its figures 2, 4 and 5, being from 
this glacier). 
