Review of Recent Geological Literature. 327 
and other rivers of the Koksoak system to Fort Chimo. Thence the 
party sailed in the Hudson Bay Company's steamer to Rigolet in 
eastern Labrador, and from there to Quebec in a schooner. 
Laurentian granite and gneiss occupy the greater part of the area 
traversed; but Cambrian strata, dolomyte, sandstone, aud chert, border 
the east side of Hudson bay at Richmond gulf, and other Cambrian 
beds are found in parts of the Koksoak basin, including probably 
workable deposits of magnetite and hematite. 
Glacial drift, in greater or less amount, overspreads all the coun- 
try. In the interor it often consists largely of preg/acialiy decayed 
rock-material, apparently not far displaced by the ice movement; 
and many of its boulders there are probably residual masses from 
such subaerial weathering and erosion. On the low grounds the till 
is usually amassed in drumlins. trending approximately in parallel- 
ism with the outward g-laciation of the peninsula. Eskers are fre- 
quent, having similar courses and running along the valleys, as in 
New England. 
Thirty-five terraces or beaches, of marine formation during the 
Champlain epoch, the highest being 460 feet above the sea, were 
crossed on the portage leaving Richmond gulf; and higher terraces, 
regarded as probably also marine, occur up to an altitude of 710 
feet. On the descent to Ungava bay the highest marine terraces 
noted are about 620 feet above the sea level. 
In Seal lake, fifty miles long and from half a mile to five miles 
wide, nearly 800 feet above the sea and about a hundred miles distant 
from it, either the common harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) or a closely 
allied species, lives and breeds in considerable numbers, thirty or 
more being killed annually by the Indians. The seals are thought to 
have come into this lake during the Champlain submergence, which 
must have nearly or quite connected it with Hudson bay, "and having 
found it full of fish they probably lost the inclination to return to 
the sea." This explanation, which is doubtless true, appeals to a sim- 
ple and somewhat uniform epeirogenic uplift, less complex and less 
prolonged, we may believe, than the earth movements which will 
be found to account for the seals and many species of marine crus- 
taceans in the great Siberian lake Baikal, about 1,500 feet above the 
sea and having a maximum sounding of 4,746 feet. In both these in- 
stances the connection with the sea was geologically recent, in 
contrast with the probably remote time when lake Tanganyika, 2.680 
feet above the sea, and of undetermined depth exceeding 1,200 feet, 
received its jelly-fish and numerous species of mollusks, prawns, and 
protozoa, of marine derivation. Orogenic as well as epeirogenic movc- 
. nients, with profound crustal deformation, quite certainly shared in 
separating tlio basins of these greater fresh-water lakes from the 
ocean, giving to them a far more complicated' history than that of 
Seal lake, which merely participated with all the Labrador peninsula 
in the general uplift from the Late Glacial or Champlain depression. 
w. u. 
