138 The American Geologist. ,nb ' '• 1903 - 
sented by closely related forms in Northwest and Central Rus- 
sia, and five of these are very widely distributed forms. 
Of the twenty-eight species found in the upper zones of the 
Middle and the entire Upper Devonic, but eight occur in 
Northwest and Central Russia. However, when comparison 
is made with Germany, "one finds that all the forms found in 
the various zones of Poland also occur in Germany." This 
holds true even to varieties. 
The developmental aspect of the corals is also in agreement 
with the balance of the fauna, showing that the Northwestern 
and Central Russian Devonic is a distinct subprovince from that 
of West Europe. Lebedew therefore concludes that these areas 
were not directly connected. Such characteristic West Euro- 
pean or Poland forms as Cyathophyllum quadrigeminum Gold- 
fuss, the genus Spongophyllnm, and Calceola sandalina are ab- 
sent in Northwest and Central Russia. 
Of the fifty-seven species of corals of Poland, one finds 
that but ten are analogous with American forms, and further, 
that the species characteristic of one area are absent in the 
other. A coral of special interest in this connection is Calceola 
sandalina which is absent in America but is known in the Urals 
and even in the Altai. 
"The character of the coral faunas of the Devonian of Po- 
land is typically West European in its essential characters as : 
(1) the scarcity of corals in the Lower Devonian, (2) the pre- 
ponderance of massive forms of Favosites in the Lower, and 
branching species in the Middle and Upper Devonian, (3) the 
great abundance of operculate corals of the families Calceolidae 
and Cysiiphyllidae in the lower zones of the Middle Devonian, 
(4) the great horizontal distribution of Calceola sandalina in 
the Middle Devonian, (5) the reappearance of Acervularia and 
Phillip sastraea in the upper zones of the Middle and lower beds 
of the Upper Devonian, and (6) the absence of corals in the 
upper horizons of the Upper Devonian." (p. 159.) 
Transkaukasia. — But one coral horizon has been clearly 
determined although there are more. This is the zone of Cal- 
ceola sandalina. Besides this species it has Favosites, Alveo- 
lites, Heliolites, Cyathophyllum, Endophyllnin, Mesophyllmn, 
Phillipsastraea and Cystiphyllnm. "Nearly all of the forms are 
common also in the Devonian of West Europe." (p. 175.) 
