Richmond Group in Ohio and Indiana. — Nickles. 203 
(Indiana) the heavy layers are increased. In the last county their tex- 
ture is very compact and the color a drab or dove reminding one in both 
respects very greatly of some beds of the Trenton period. In Indiana 
and Ohio this upper part of the group is, as a rule, not very fossilifer- 
ous, but when the bed is traced over into Kentucky it becomes a ver- 
itable coral reef reaching from Jefferson county (Ky.) to and beyond 
Marion county. The rock in this distance has changed some, being 
in the last county of a yellowish color and finely arenaceous texture, 
the whole giving way very readily under the weather so that the surface 
is sometimes thickly strewn with masses of Columnaria, Tetradium, 
Labechia and Beatricea. 
"Near the southern border of Kentucky, at Burksville, this upper 
member is a true sandstone which professor Shaler has called the Cum- 
berland sandstone.* But it assumes very nearly that character locally 
also near the Ohio river, as in Oldham county where over thirty feet 
of it consists of greenish arenaceous shales and fine grained thin bedded 
sandstone." 
The following characterization was given by the writer in 
his paper on "The Geology of Cincinnati" (Journal of the Cin- 
cinnati Society of Natural History, XX, No. 2, 1902, pp. 88, 
89): 
"The Richmond embraces the uppermost beds of the Cincinnati per- 
iod. In Ohio and Indiana they form an irregular belt, surrounding Cin- 
cinnati at a distance of from thirty to fifty miles. The localities in these 
states most noted for their fossils are Lebanon (not in the immediate 
vicinity, however), Freeport or Oregonia, Waynesville, Clarksville, Mor- 
row, Westboro, Blanchester, Camden, and Oxford in Ohio ; Richmond, 
Weisburg, Versailles, and Madison in Indiana. 
"The rocks are even-bedded limestones, usually dove-colored or gray- 
ish rather than bluish, from two to ten or more inches in thickness, with 
regular shale alternations, the limestone forming from one-fourth to 
one-half the whole mass. 
"The Richmond has received but little careful, detailed study, not 
enough to establish the boundaries or lithological characters of the di- 
visions. The indications are that there are three well marked divisions, 
which for the present are designated as lower, middle and upper Rich- 
mond. The lower Richmond seems to be strongly developed on the 
eastern side of the Cincinnati uplift, where the middle is feebly and the 
upper probably not at all. The middle division is finely shown at Rich- 
mond, Indiana, and at other points on the western side of the uplift. On 
this same side the upper is feebly developed toward the north, but be- 
comes stronger toward the south, and probably has its strongest devel- 
opment in Kentucky. The Cumberland sandstonef of Kentucky prob- 
ably belongs to this division. The Richmond beds of Tennessee and 
* Mr. Aug. Foerste (American Geologist, xxx, Dec. 1902. p. 367) 
considers Shaler's Cumberland sandstone at IUnksville to be of Lorraine age. 
t See preceding footnote. 
