Richmond Group in Ohio and Indiana. — Nickles. 205 
The paragraphs quoted above from the paper on "The Geol- 
ogy of Cincinnati" show what views were entertained as to the 
divisions in the Richmond : that of the three divisions the mid- 
dle was feebly and the upper probably not at all developed on 
the east side of the uplift. The field work of the summer of 1902 
showed that all of the four divisions are developed on both 
sides of the uplift, though all the divisions, except perhaps the 
uppermost, may thin towards the west. Local conditions, as at 
Madison, Indiana, may occasionally increase the thickness of 
the uppermost division. At no point on the east side has the 
thickness of the uppermost division been measured. 
Very much still remains to be cleared up. Detailed study 
of the Richmond is slow work. It requires a large amount of 
fieldwork extending over a long period of time. There are few 
places where continuous sections of any considerable vertical 
extent can be measured. Madison, Morris Hill and Oregonia 
seem to be the best. The exposures are usually natural expos- 
ures of limited extent vertically and made by streams. In such 
exposures the same beds frequently present quite different ap- 
pearances. Until one by much collecting and from seeing the 
same beds under several aspects becomes familiar with these 
different presentations, he is often puzzled to decide the where- 
abouts in the general vertical section of some isolated exposure. 
A thorough knowledge of the fossils is almost indispensible. 
II. Subdivisions of the Richmond. 
1. The Waynesville or Bythopora meeki beds. 
These are the lowest beds of the Richmond. They overlie 
conformably the Warren beds, the highest of the Lorraine. 
They contain some good limestone layers, two to five inches 
thick, suitable for ordinary building purposes, and a large 
amount of clay and clay shale. Sometimes the clay is quite 
marly. Fossils are usually abundant and finely preserved. 
However, only a few species are very abundant. To collect the 
rarer forms a careful watch must be kept on the creeks and 
these visited at just the right times. The two or three months 
following the rains of early spring, especially if these have been 
very heavy, so as to wash out the debris from the creeks and 
expose the beds afresh, afford the best opportunities. 
In a general way the Lower Richmond of my paper on the 
geology of Cincinnati corresponds to the Waynesville ])d\*. 
