Permian Question in America.— Keyes. 223 
A singular argument does professor Prosser use to retain 
the title of Permian as the name of a system and period. He 
refers to half a r 1ozen Russian writers who have used the title 
in this sense. No allusion whatever is made to a much larger 
number of Russian geologists who are equally distinguished and 
who all have worked extensively in the typical regions, but who 
hold very different views. This method of presentation is 
hardly the scientific method. 
New Mexico School of Mines, May 1, 1903. 
THE GLACIAL LAKES HU DSON-CH AMPL AIN 
AND ST. LAWRENCE. 
By Warren Upham, St. Paul, Minn. 
Two years ago, in July, 1901, I found the opportunity, long 
desired, for an examination of lake Champlain and lake George, 
of the country south to Fort Edward, including the very low 
parts of the watershed between these lakes and the Hudson 
river, and of the beautiful and partly grand Hudson valley, 
thence to its mouth. Along this course extended the long and 
comparatively narrow lake Hudson-Champlain, held on the 
north by the barrier of the receding continental ice-sheet.* 
When the growing glacial lake in the Champlain basin be- 
came confluent, around the north side of the Adirondacks, with 
its contemporary, lake Iroquois in the basin of lake Ontario, 
the resultant very large glacial lake, of irregular outlines, still 
occupying the Hudson-Champlain valley and the Ontario bas- 
in, spread far north and northeast in the great St. Lawrence 
valley. This vast lake, the latest in the complex series formed 
on the northern border of the United States and in southern 
Canada by the departing ice barrier, grew as the front of the 
ice melted back, until it readied northwesterly along the course 
of the Ottawa to some distance above Allumette island, and 
northeasterly to the vicinity of Quebec. Its existence was 
* C. H. Hitchcock, Geology of Vermont, 1861, vol. i, pp. 93-167, with 
map. J. S. Newberry, Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. xiii. 1879, pp. 64.1-660. F.J.H. 
Mkkrill, Am. Jour. Sci., third series, vol. xli, pp. 460-4-66, Uine, 1891. W. M. 
Davis, Proc, Bos Soc. \at. Hist., vol.xxv, 1891, pp. 318-334. Bakon Gerard 
db Gehr, Proc , Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxv, 1892, pp. +54-477. with map; 
also (excepting the map) in Ameh. GEOLOGIST, -vol. xi, pp. 22-44, Jan.. 1893. 
S. Prentiss Baldwin, Amrr. Oeot.ogist, vol. xiii, pp. 170-184, with map, 
March, 1894. Warren Upfi am, Bulletins Geol. Soc. Am., vol i, p. 666; vul.ii, 
p. 265; vol. iii, pp. 484-487 (first using this name, Hudson-Champlain, 1 892 I . 
