268 The American Geologist. November, 190& 
over thousands of square miles covering everything with a lava 
sheet to the thickness of 3000 feet in many places. The Pinal 
mountains are a mass of rhyolyte superimposed on Archaean 
and Primordial rocks. And the Sierra Ancha is a massive 
squarish steep-sided mesa mountain, composed for the most 
part of Tonto sandstone. To consider the entire region again 
it is a much broken country*. Besides an intricate maze of 
small, deep, cross-valley canyons separated by sharp ridges, 
there are canyons of gigantic dimensions. These have their 
sources in the mountains, and though practically dry streams 
now, they testify to the former grand rivers of the area. 
The region for the most part is occupied by the White 
mountain Apache and San Carlos Indian reservations, except 
at the west front which lies beyond the Indian reserve. The 
cities are Whiteriver and Fort Apache at the terminus of the 
Holbrook-Apache wagon road in the White Mountain Apache 
Indian reservation, Ellison, and Young in the Tonto basin, and 
Globe, the county seat of Gila county, situated near the south- 
western part of the area. This latter place is a mining and bus- 
iness center. Moreover, it has an outlet to the Southern Pacific 
railroad via Solomonville and the Gila valley by the Gila Val- 
ley and Globe railway. 
SCENERY. 
There are grassy, forest-covered mesas, crossed and barred 
with deep almost impassable canyons, cut from 1000 to 2500 
feet in the Palaeozoic and Archaean rocks. There are terraces, 
precipitous cliffs, lava capped mesas, hog-backs, palisade buttes, 
and "mauvaises terres ;" while volcanic necks in the form of 
buttes dot the region, and mountains close in the horizon on 
everv side. From an elevated position the scenery is grander 
still. To stand on the top of the volcanic neck five miles west 
of Colley's ranch and twenty-three miles a little to the west of 
north from Fort Apache upon a quiet day, one can look north 
across the valley of the Little Colorado to the mountains beyond 
the Indian village of Moqui a distance of one hundred and 
thirty miles. To the east he can see the continental divide many 
miles beyond the snow caps of mounts Ord and Thomas of the 
White mountains. To the south he can see the Gila range and 
to the west the mountains beyond the Verda river. While to 
the southwest he can look beyond the Plateau region, even be- 
