282 The American Geologist. November, 1903. 
The depression theory being abandoned, the land-barrier 
theory was suggested and on investigation it seemed to solve 
the problem. The country was as high in Tertiary and Qua- 
ternary time as now ; but great barriers blocked the waterways 
and changed the course of the streams of the country. At the 
close of the Laramie as we shall show when the subject of 
Physiography is taken up, the whole region was greatly ele- 
vated above the sea and the streams cut great canyons. In this 
period Cibicu creek, which now has but little water in it, was 
a large river, which flowed not southwest as it does now in its 
lower course, but in a southeastern direction through the gap 
between Kelley's butte and Sawtooth along the site of the gov 
ernment-trail to Fort Apache and on across the Nantan plateau 
through the great gap which is now filled with the Seven-Mile 
Hill Quaternary and Tertiary deposits to join, possibly, the 
upper Gila. But seismic disturbances came. The whole region 
was faulted and blocked and the blocks tilted so that the whole 
plateau area dips north in opposition to the drainage. For a 
long time the streams cut down their channels as fast as the dip 
was changed, but finally more violent disturbances occurred : 
The Nantan plateau and the mountains joining it on the east 
were so elevated as to dam the outlet of the Cibicu creek com- 
pletely, thus damming all the drainage of White mountains and 
the eastern part of the Mogollon range on their southwestern 
side. At the same time or in earlier times the Apache moun- 
tains and Canyon creek fault occurred, which dipped all the 
strata at a great angle to the east in that region. The plateau 
part of the area was then completely laked, though it is not at 
all probable that a great body of water occupied the region ; the 
conditions do not indicate such a condition, but that the depos- 
its were laid down as subaerial fluvial-fans. In this laked area 
was deposited by subaerial action the Quaternary and Tertiary 
gravels, sands and clays under consideration. 
The deposition of the Salt river, Hinton, and Globe form- 
ations is also due to a laking stage, brought about by the fault- 
ing which produced the Apache and Pinal mountains and the 
Sierra Ancha. Salt river now runs through a gap which it has 
incised in the Arch?ean-Tonto barrier. 
Where did the Quaternary-Tertiary debris come from? — 
An examination of the Seven-Mile Hill Ouaternarv and Ter- 
