Geology of Ft. Apache Region, Ariz.— Reagan. 295 
dieted that, in the course of time, possibly a few centuries, they 
will become extinct. Their dessication seems to have been go- 
ing on for a long period of time, probably ever since the close 
of Pleistocene time. 
The Elsesa and Middle Little Cibicu springs, though once 
very active, as is indicated by the travertine deposits, have long 
been extinct. The Grasshopper springs at the head of the Lit- 
tle Cibicu are now reduced to mud springs, though they once 
furnished water enough not only to supply a large village with 
water, but to irrigate large tracts of land as is attested by the 
ancient irrigating ditches extending down the Little Cibicu 
valley from them. The springs at the head waters of Upper 
Cibicu and Carrixo creeks have now reached the seeping stage. 
The water which supplies these springs evidently comes 
from the plateau of the Mogollon range and the country farth- 
er north. In this region practically all the streams which flow 
toward the north sink into the sand before reaching the Little 
Colorado, Chevelon's fork being a good example; and much 
of the water of the Little Colorado itself settles below the sur- 
face, reappearing again as springs on the south side of the 
Mogollon mesa. 
Irrigation in the Little Colorado valley is evidently the 
cause of the drying up of the springs south of the range. When 
all the drainage of that river basin is used for irrigating pur- 
poses, the springs south of the Mogollon will become extinct. 
The Hot Springs. — The only Hot springs of the region 
enter Carrixo Creek canyon through a fissure in the vicinity of 
the Kelley dike. The heating of the water is. without doubt, 
due to its coming in contact with heated -rocks in the yet un- 
cooled interior along the dike, the springs being a continuation 
of volcanic activity in the secondary stage. The springs are 
not numerous, there being about fifteen in all. Their warm 
and hot waters possess medicinal properties, but on account of 
their being on the Apache Indian lands they are not used. 
The Salt Springs. — These springs are situated at the point 
where Black river emerges from the Plateau region. They ni- 
ter the canyon through the Algonkian shales and at the base of 
the Tonto system of rocks, the salty waters dripping from the 
canyon walls, the salt crystalizing in stalactite forms or in 
beautiful figures on the rock walls. In the seventies When the 
