22 The American Geologist. Jniy, isoi 
of Minnesota, beyond whicli, in the vicinity of Des Moines, Iowa, 
was found the outermost terminal moraine of the glacier. ' 
These numerous observations of distinct and characteristic 
glacial stride clearly show that a great glacier, or lobe of the 
Laurentide glacier, which for convenience may be called the Man- 
itoba glacial lobe, or glacier, moved south-southeastward across 
the lacustral plains of Manitoba, along the valley of Red river to 
the hight of land, and onward to near Des Moines, Iowa, send- 
ing off branches up the valleys of Swan and Red Deer rivers. The 
total length of the Manitoba glacial lobe, therefore, from the 
north end of lake Winnipeg to its extreme southern limit in Iowa 
would be about 850 miles. 
Moraines. 
The highest moraines at present known in northern Manitoba 
are those capping the summits of portions of the Duck and 
Riding mountains with altitudes of 2,500, 2,700 feet above the 
sea, or 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the surface of lake Winnipeg. 
A good example of this moraine is seen on the northeastern por- 
tion of Duck mountain, where it forms a ban-en, rugged district 
with conical hills often rising to a hight of 200 feet. These hills 
are composed entirely of drift so thickl}- studded with Archaean 
boulders, that their crests have much the appeai-ance of the 
rounded knobs of granite and gneiss east of lake Winnipeg, the 
likeness being made more striking by a thin and stunted growth 
of pine. When the writer passed over this region he had been 
preceded a j-ear or two before by a forest fire, which had burnt 
over most of the hills and left them strewn with blackened 
sticks about the size of fence rails, Ij'ing irregularly over the mass 
of boulders. Ver}' few deciduous plants had grown up to cover 
the surface, and there was nothing to veil the absolute desolation 
of the scene. 
No definite and well marked moraine has been traced along the 
face of the Manitoba escarpment below those just mentioned, but 
distinct moraines occur at elevations of about 1,300 and 1.500 
feet respectivelj- in the valleys of the Swan and Valley rivers, 
which may represent the terminal moraines of subsidiary- lobes of 
the 3Ianitoba glacier. 
For a long distance eastward from the escarpment no morainic 
hills are known, but it is not impossible that they may exist in 
• Tonuinal Moraine of the Second Glacial Epoch, by Thomas C. 
Chaniberliii, 3d Ann. Rep. U. S. Geo!. Surv. map, opp. p. 382. 
