248 Thi Anil ricau Geologht. October, ISItl 
pre-giacial river channel in eastern Scotland; and also mentioned another 
river channel, filled with coarse gravel derived from rocks occurring 
farther north in Scotland which was covered with a later layer of boulder 
clay. 
3Ir. ^IcGee mentioned the importance of land forms in interpreting 
geological processes. Anj' jirimary geological classification must be 
genetic. He discussed in detail the following scheme of classification of 
Pleistocene deposits: 
( 'liiKi^ifii'otion of Pleistocene Forumtions ((ml Land Forms. 
A. Aijueous: 
1. Below base level. 
fi. Marine. 
h. Estuarine. 
i: Lacustral. 
2. At base level. 
II. Littoral. 
Ij. Marsh. 
'■. Alluvial (certain teriaces, etc.). 
3. Above base level. 
a. Torrential. 
h. Talus (including playas), 
B. Glacial: 
1. Direct. (Chamberlin's class I.) 
2. Indirect. (Chamberlin's classes II to V, in part.) 
C. Aqueo-Glacial; (Chamberlin's classes II to V, in part.) 
D. Eolic: (Chamberlin's class (?) VI.) 
E. Volcanic: 
1. Direct. 
II. Lava sheets. 
b. Cinder cones. 
c. Tuffs, lapilli sheets, etc. 
2. Indirect. 
II. Ash beds. 
h. Lapilli sheets. 
Prof. Chamberliu, in closing the discussion, said that tliere was great 
difficulty in applying a chronological classification, and that such a 
classification might even act as a barrier to observation and to the recog- 
nition of the truth. Chronological classification is the ultimate goal of 
glacial studies, but it is something for which we are not as yet prepared. 
Red, oxidized sub-soils are not developed in northern latitudes. Organic- 
deposits between glacial la^'ers are abundant in the West, but do not 
belong to a single horizon. Many facts of erosion and physical geology 
indicate that the glacial epoch in America was widely differentiated and 
of long duration. IIow many distinct periods it embraced we do not 
as yet know. 
Prof. Cope: An abundant tropical fauna is found in the "Equus beds," 
which, if they be of interglacial age, indicates at this time a verj' warm 
climate. This fauna is succeeded by a truly boreal fauna. In this is 
