L22 Tht American Geologist. August, 1898 
pierced by hundreds of ehort ranges and isolated peak6 which rise by 
estimate some 5,000 to 6,000 feet above the ice-filled valleys. The Sew- 
ard glacier, which is the principal feeder of the Malaspina ice-sheet, 
Hows from the high nrvv tract. In examining the map it will be seen 
that the drift which covers the entire outer border of this ice-sheet 
cannot be all or mainly supplied by the lateral and medial moraines of 
its confluent tributaries from the mountain valleys, but that on the 
inter-morainic portions of the border it must have been brought by en- 
glacial transportation in the lower part of the ice, being exposed on the 
surface by ablation. Drainage in many places by englacial streams, 
washing away portions of the englacial and superglacial drift has 
formed esker ridges and broad deposits of sand and gravel spread out 
over the thinned margin of the ice, these features being best observed 
on the eastern edge of the ice-sheet adjacent to Yakutat bay. Cn this 
side, in one locality, the ice has recently advanced into the dense forest 
and cut down scores of large spruce trees, piling them in confused 
heaps. In its advance the ice here plowed up a ridge of blue clay in 
front of it, revealing thus the character of the strata on which it rests. 
This clay is thickly charged with sea-shells of living species, proving 
that the glacier in its former great advance extended into the ocean, 
and that a rise of the land has subsequently occurred. Similar shells, 
likewise all of a living species, had been previously found in the strata 
forming the crest of a fault scarp at Pinnacle pass, 5,000 feet above the 
sea. 
The Osar Gravels of the Coast of Maine. By George H. Stone. 
Journal of Geology, vol. i, pp. 246-254; April-May, 1893. In this sum- 
mary of a report to be published by the U. S. Geological Survey, the 
author ascribes the osars or eskers of the coastal region of Maine to 
deposition by streams flowing in 6ub glacial tunnels, supposed to pass in 
some places upward and over transverse hills and to continue beneath 
the sea-level to the ocean -bordered ice-front. To account for the ter- 
mination of the osars at a nearly uniform altitude above the present 
sea-level, which is some 203 feet below the late glacial coast line, and 
for the discontinuous condition of the seaward ends of the osars, with 
gaps of varying lengths, it is supposed that beneath the sea level the 
6ubglacial streams were unable to enlarge their tunnels by melting and 
that the rush of water through the constricted portions swept them 
clear of all drift, bearing it onward to the debouchures of these streams 
in the open sea. Jf this were the case, however, we should expect large 
submarine deposits of gravel and sand like the material of the osars to 
have been amassed at these places. The absence of such deposits 6eems 
to render this view very doubtful; and we may therefore ask whether 
it is not more accordant with the observed facts to attribute these osars 
to deposition in the canon-like lower reaches of superglacial streams 
close to their debouchure from the ice-front into the ocean. 
The Horizon of Drum! in, Osar and Kame formation. By T. C. 
Chamberlin. Journal of Geology, vol. i, pp. 255-207; April-May, 1893. 
This paper presents arguments for the view that the drumlins, osars, 
