Reviews of the Tee Age. 225 
five separate cold epochs with more or less extensive glaciation. 
The same opinion he now extends to the continental glaciated 
portions of Europe, since he finds there a very good and 
complete parallelization with the glacial and interglacial de- 
posits of the British Isles. 
Mr. Hjalmar Lundbohm stated that his studies of the 
glacial drift in Sweden sustain the sequence of Pleistocene 
epochs worked out by the careful and widely extended ob- 
servations of Baron Gerard de Geer. During the early max- 
imum glaciation, the mammoth inhabited portions of Europe 
not enveloped by the ice-sheet, and at this time the ice-shed 
whence drift was transported both east and west coincided 
nearly with the Scandinavian mountian range. Later, after 
an interglacial epoch, the Baltic ice-sheet, as it has been 
called by De Geer from its sending a large lobe south and 
southwest over the basin of the Baltic sea, formed prominent 
moraines in Finland, northern Germany, and southern Sweden. 
The ice-shed then did not coincide with the hight of land in 
Scandinavia, but lay at a considerable distance to the east, so 
that when this ice-sheet was melting away its waning central 
part became a barrier of glacial lakes pent up in the deep 
valleys between it and the mountains. Following the recession 
of the Baltic ice-sheet, the sea had access to the Baltic basin 
by broad straits across southern Sweden, admitting the Toldia 
arctica to the vicinity of Stockholm; but soon a rise of the 
land shut out the ocean wholly from the Baltic so that it be- 
came a great lake, forming beaches with Ancylus and other 
fresh-water genera. The uplift continued till some tracts 
were raised probably 100 feet higher than now, since which 
time the land. has sunk but is now again slowly rising. These 
oscillations may belong only to the borders of Sweden, while 
the elevation of its central part may have been continuous. 
All the marine mollusean fauna of Pleistocene times still sur- 
vives, though the Yoldia noted is found only in arctic seas; 
but many of the great mammals of Europe in the Ice age 
have become extinct. 
Mr. Andrew M. Hansen sent a very interesting and com- 
prehensive paper. He finds in Norway little direct evidence 
of an interglacial epoch, but believes that the mammoth re- 
mains of Europe must be wholly of interglacial or preglacial 
