254 The Ann rir<t„ Geologist. October, 1893 
of red shale in a thick bed of hard quartzite, the Potsdam of 
t he Minnesota Survey. 
Spain, in the Mines and Mining building, exhibits a geolog- 
ical map of the peninsula by Dr. M. Fernandez de (astro 
( L889, Madrid). Portugal is included and brought down to 
L891. Tlie map measures ten by eight feet, and shows that 
all the gedlogical formations are present in that country. 
A map of Cuba hangs in the adjoining court. 
In the Transportation building the same country shows 
through its government an excellent and beautiful set of 
models of various places of interest, chiefly fortresses, such 
as Carthagena, Bilbao, Jaca, St. Juan de Ulloa, and San Sebas- 
tian, illustrating their defensive works and the surrounding 
country. 
A similar model of New York harbor, with a series of ac- 
companying maps, may be seen in the United States Govern- 
ment building. 
Arkansas exhibits a large relief map of the state seven feet 
by eight, constructed by Dr. Branner on a horizontal scale of 
three miles to an inch, and a vertical scale of 2.000 feet to an 
inch. The flat eastern part with its swamps is shown border- 
ing the Mississippi river, with only one projecting range. 
Crowley's ridge. The map brings out well the manner in 
which streams flowing through highly elevated horizontal 
strata cut deep and winding gorges, as does the White river. 
for example. It emphasizes also the difference between the 
work of such streams and that of the Arkansas, much of 
whose course lies in the folded strata of the northwest part 
of the state. 
Pennsylvania of course stands among the foremost of the 
States in her geologico-geographical exhibits. The tine se- 
ries of relief maps of the Lehigh valley and other regions. 
most of which are the work of Mr. E. B. Harden, must be 
seen to be appreciated. The coal pillar illustrating the full 
thickness of the Mammoth seam forms a very striking picture 
of the anthracitic wealth of the Keystone state. 
Nothing can give so accurate and forcible a view of geog- 
raphy as these relief maps, and when the day comes in which 
copies of them on a small scale can be made cheaply and sup- 
plied to the schools, as is done in several of the countries of 
