52 International Congress of Geologists. — Frazer. 
characters. He lays stress upon the metamorphism and mod- 
ifications due to contact, etc. 
M. Mattirolo from his investigations of the Western Alps 
believes that the Permian and Triassic rocks can present the 
characters of crystalline schists through metamorphism. 
M. Gosselet attributes to mechanical action the metamor- 
phism of the rocks of the Ardennes. 
Prof. Blake cites the rocks of Anglesey which the members 
of the Congress will visit in a few days, and remarks that a 
difference should be allowed between the effect of static 
pressure and dynamic movement which produces false bedding 
or cleavage. Both effects can be observed at the same point. 
Prof. Lapworth supports the principles enunciated by Heim 
and Lehmann from his studies of the Highlands of Scotland. 
Prof. Hull presents a memoir of Prof. Kilroe with illustra- 
tions from the rocks of Donegal. He considers that in the 
effects of metamorphism, it is fundamental to distinguish 
between the effects of mechanical and hydro-thermal agents. 
In his opinion mechanical movements might alone facilitate 
but could not produce secondary combinations. 
Dr. T. Sterry Hunt presented in a long and able discourse 
his crenitic theory. [This theory has been already several 
times presented to the readers of the "Geologist" and does not 
need repetition here.] Prof. Renevier rejects the theory which 
would classify all the crystalline schists among the Archean. 
Prof, de Lapparent reminds the speakers that pressure of it- 
self without movement will not produce heat. 
Prof. Heim supposes that the heat is produced by successive 
shocks or tremors similar to those which are observed in or- 
dinary earthquakes. Responding to a remark of Prof. Rene- 
vier he says that the trunks of the trees alluded to had not 
been transformed into gneiss, but were found in beds inter- 
calated in pseudo-gneiss. Lapparent cites schists in Brittany 
containing trilobites. 
Mr. Joseph MacPherson presented the results of his studies 
of the Archean series in Spain. 
Dr. Hicks denied that the general metamorphism of the pre- 
Cambrian rocks could be explained by pressure and contact 
and illustrated his remarks by the conclusions to which he had 
arrived from a study of the geology of Wales. 
Prof. Lessen, M. Michael Levy, Mr. A. C. Lawson, Dr. Geo- 
