Bevieio of Recent Geological Literature. 307 
stumps to fresh scoria-cones ; and two — Tongariro and Taraw^ra — are 
still active. There are solfataras and mud volcanoes, fumeroles, gey- 
sers and hot springs in abundance. There is u mountain range with 
an alpine structure; there are glaciers and glacier-lakes almost equal- 
ling those of Europe. New Zealand is interesting too, from its pos- 
session of the only record of the ancient floras and faunas that once 
overspread the Soutli Pacific. Being antipodal to Europe in position, 
the geologic results of secular astronomic causes must, in many cases, 
be complementary to the results occuring in Europe ; so that we may 
look to New Zealand as a base of verification for certain hypotheses 
predicating causal relations between astronomic and geologic conditions. 
Dr. Hector and the provincial geologists make the attempt to correlate 
as they proceed, the geology of New Zealand with that of Europe ; but 
captain Hutton, like Dr. von Haast, makes such attempt only after 
completing the survey, and determining what classification of geologic 
time is taught by the facts. He then places the divisions of the New 
Zealand scale against those of the European, and notes the equiva- 
lences. We thus have a complete system, in terms of the Maori lan- 
guage. Tlie greater and less divisions are then placed in juxtaposition 
with the European S5^stem. It thus appears that every European 
"system" is recognized in New Zealand, except the Devonian. No 
subdivision of the Archaean is noted ; and none of the Carboniferous. 
There is no Upper Jurassic, or Lower Cretaceous, or Eocene ; but all 
subdivions of the Csenozoic, except the Eocene, are abundantly de- 
veloped. The Oligocene is represented by five groups, the INIiocene by 
six, and the Pliocene by six. The Pleistocene consists of, (a)Peat-mosses 
with Moa bones, and (b) Raised beaches and shore deposits. The Re- 
cent is characterized by alluvial and .Eolian deposits, with Moa bones 
and traces of man. Of the events of the Pleistocene epoch, captain 
Hutton says : "Neither in the Wanganui system (Newer Pliocene) nor in 
the raised beaches, is there any trace of a northerly migration. Neith- 
er are there any signs of a Pleistocene glaciation of New Zealand 
greater than at present. Consequently there is no evidence to show that 
the high eccentricity of the earth's orbit that prevailed in Pleistocene 
times, produced a glacial epoch here. But there are several facts 
which appear to support the view that this high eccentricity produced 
a diluvial epoch by causing greater winter snow-fall and greater sum- 
mer floods." 
On some salient points in the Geology of Queensland. Opening Ad- 
dress, Sec. C (Geol. and Pal.) Australasian Assoc. Adv. Sci. Sidney, 
1888. By Robert L. Jack, Government Geologist, Queensland. The 
sparsely settled colony of Queensland, flanked by the great barrier 
reef of northeast Australia, dotted from limit to limit by isolated hill 
and mountain peaks, and belted by ridges and ranges destitute of any 
general trend, is one which, in the development of its natural resources 
has manifested most commendable^energy. We well remember the 
astonishing exhibit made by the colony at Philadelphia in ISTG. It was 
