Valley Moraines and Dniinlins. — Uplia)ii. 167 
vellyn and Scawfell (two days' journey), but clouds resting 
low on the mountains forbade the ascent of Helvellyn (3,118 
feet). In the Thirlmere and Grasmere valley, through which 
the road passes, between an eighth and a quarter of a mile 
south of its highest point, called Dunmail Raise, I found a dis- 
tinct valley moraine, a knolly transverse ridge of drift, the first 
of many noted in the great valleys of this mountainous dis- 
trict during my further journey to Scawfell and thence down 
the Derwent valley to Keswick. This moraine has a hight 
of about 20 feet, a length of nearly 1,500 feet, extending up 
the inclosing mountain slopes, and a width of 200 to 300 feet. 
It consists of till, with many boulders up to five feet in diam- 
eter, and a few up to ten feet. A larger moraine of similar till, 
having nearly the same length, but covering a much wider 
space with its knolls and hillocks, 30 to 75 feet in hight above 
the bedrock, crosses this valley a third to a half mile farther 
south; but a quarter to a third part of each moraine has been 
swept away by the stream. The crest of the road is noted on 
the Ordnance map as 783 feet, and these moraines are between 
800 and 700 feet above the sea. 
Near Grasmere village and lake three drumlins were seen, 
one 30 feet high being close west of the road about three- 
fourths of a mile north of the village; another, about 100 feet 
high, forming the top and greater part of the Butharlip How 
hill, in the north edge of the village; and the third, about 90 
feet high, on the east shore of the lake (206 feet above the sea). 
Each of these drumlins has the typically oval form, with trend 
in parallelism with the southwardly declining valley. 
Crossing the ridge south of Grasmere, and advancing 
thence west up the Great Langdale valley, I observed an ex- 
ceptional depth of drift, perhaps a terminal deposit, on each 
side of that valley near Eltcrwater village, one-fourth to three- 
fourths of a mile northwest of the lake or tarn of this name. 
Along the next three miles west the valley bottom is an 
alluvial plain a fourth to a third of a mile wide, with a very 
gentle descent eastward, in ])art probably marking the site of 
a temporary and shallow postglacial lake. 
Farther west, as I advanced up the narrowing Mickleden 
vallev, a very notewcjrthy display of valley moraines was en- 
countered from one mile to two miles bexond the (^Id Dungeon 
