Valley Moraines and DiiDiilins. — Uphain. l6() 
and its vicinity, within a half mile north, northwest, west and 
south of the town, and drumlinoid slopes of till rest on both 
the northwest and southeast sides of the isolated rock knob 
named Castle Head. Other drumlins await mapping within 
one to two miles farther west and northwest, but none were 
seen in attentive outlook from our train as we travelled thence 
to Penrith, Carlisle, Melrose, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and In- 
verness. Drumlins were afterward found admirably devel- 
oped, however, in Glasgow and its environs, to be described 
in the next paper of this series. 
The careful field observations and writings of J. Clifton 
Ward'^' assure us that the Lake District mountains were a 
center of glacial outflow during the culmination of the Ice 
age in Great Britain, turning aside the Scottish ice-sheet and 
its drift. Mingled with that drift in its continuation eastward 
are Lakeland boulders, as the very distinct Shap granite, car- 
ried over the Pennine Chain, and through its gaps, to the low- 
lands of Yorkshire. The highest summits of Lakeland prob- 
ably remained as nunataks when the confluent British ice- 
sheet attained its greatest extent and depth. Outflowing 
glacial currents from this district, coalescing with the strong- 
er currents of the surrounding general ■ ice-sheet, seem quite 
sufificient to account for the diverse directions of transporta- 
tion of boulders in and around the district without referring 
some of them to marine flotation of ice, as was supposed by 
Ward. A great submergence, of which the shell-bearing drift 
deposits at high levels on Moel Tryfan and in other locaHties 
were thought to bear testimony, is not needed for explana- 
tion of the transportation of either the shell fragments or the 
Lakeland boulders. 
In North America we have scarcely a similar case of dis- 
]:)ersal of boulders outward from a limited area, unless it be 
in the radial glaciation of the less mountainous but larger 
tract of Newfoundland, which appears to have been connected 
only by an isthmus of ice with the main continental ice-sheet. 
The highest mountains of New England and New "^'ork were 
apparently overtopped by this ice-sheet when it became thick- 
*(2. J. G. S., XXIX (1873), 422-441, uitli niiip; XXX (1874), g6-io4, with 
map and sections; XXXI (1875), 1^2-166, with niaps. ComiJarc vvitli J. E. 
Marr's papers, O. J. (i. S., LI ( 1805), 35-48, and hll(i8(/)i, 12-16. eacli 
\\ itli Hs/ures in the text. 
