196 The Ajncrican Geologist. Marcii, i898 
rushes over the outcrop of the Corniferous limestone, the descent being 
comparatively rapid (Geology of Ohio, Vol. I, 1873. p. 550). So far as 
I am aware, no subsequent observers have questioned the view that this 
outlet is the product of a stream of water having rapid descent. The 
outlet has been examined in some detail by Dr. C. R. Dryer, of the 
Indiana Geological Survey, by Mr. F. B. Taylor, the well known glacial 
geologist, and also by the present writer. The current was sufficiently 
swift to sweep away the greater part of the detritus brought in by trib- 
utary streams, as well as to excavate a channel in the glacial deposits 
having an average width of about one mile and depth of 50 feet or 
more. In this connection it may be remarked that outlets from basins 
farther west have given equally clear evidence that the lakes which dis- 
charged through them stood much above sea level. The Chicago outlet, 
for example, presents rapids near Joliet, where a descent of seventy feet 
was made in only nine miles. 
At the time of the discovery of the Wabash outlet, Mr. Gilbert ad- 
vanced the view that the lake was held in at the east by a land barrier, 
and concluded "that the Wabash outlet is now, in its relation to the 
other parts of the great rim, not less than 170 feet higher than it then 
was." (See p. 551 of work cited.) The view subsequently advocated 
by Mr. Gilbert, that the lake was held in by an ice barrier at the east, 
was adopted only after it was found impossible to account for the pres- 
ence of the lake by a land barrier. With this recognition of the high 
elevation of the lake and the absence of a land barrier, has come the 
general assent to glacial dams as the only barrier available. And yet in 
the article referred to. Dr. Spencer states (p. 118) that he has postponed 
further study partly on account of the prejudice against post-glacial 
subsidence, thus implying that the views held by the advocates of glacial 
dams are due to prejudice rather than a result of logical reasoning. 
Having now stated the conditions concerning the Wabash outlet and 
the absence of evidence of a land barrier to account for the lake, we 
may turn to the localities examined by Mr. Upham and Prof. Fairchild 
and note the bearing which the further studies have upon the question 
of the correlation of the moraines with beaches. 
Mr. Upham has traced the Leipsic beach from Big creek valley in 
the west part of Cleveland, where it had been supposed to terminate, 
eastward about seven miles to the east part of the city, and thence north- 
ward two or three miles. He considers it likely that the shore may be 
traced still farther and places a probable limit at Euclid, ten miles east 
of the center of the city, where one of the moraines which I have de- 
scribed fades out. Concerning the correlation of this beach with stages 
of the glacial recession, Mr. Upham makes the following remarks: 
"Mr. Leverett has proved the successive lake stages to have been 
contemporaneous with stages of the glacial retreat defined by four 
distinct moraines. The Leipsic beach he supposed to have been wholly 
formed before, and during, the accumulation of the Newburg moraine. 
