' Drum /ill s in Glasgoiv. — Upham. 239 
ice above it, being then amassed englacially or subglacially 
in these hills very near to the boundary of the ice, that is, 
within a few miles or probably in some cases within even less 
than one mile.* They are thus attributed to unusual condi- 
tions of climate interrupting or slackening the recession of 
the glacial boundary at the close of the Ice age, being excep- 
tional accvmiulations of the ground moraine, somewhat an- 
alogous to the knolly and irregular masses of marginal 
moraines, but of much rarer development and probably no- 
where traceable in such prolonged belts. ' 
P^or concise presentation of my notes of the Glasgow drum- 
lins, they are herewith arranged in a table; and outlines of 
these hills, with their altitudes in feet above the sea, are given 
on the accompanying map, which also shows the railways of 
the city and their stations, while the streets, on so small a scale, 
are necessarily omitted. The area mapped is about five miles 
square, the greater part of which is occupied by the city, the 
commercial and manufacturing metropolis of Scotland, which 
has grown during the past hundred years from about 80,000 
to about 900,000 people. 
Beyond the limits of the map, numerous other drumlins 
were seen within a few miles, and some of them were ascended 
and examined. The most conspicuous of these is Gilshoc 
hill, on the northwest, rising about 275 feet above the sea and 
175 feet above its western base, close outside the map border, 
near Mary Hill railway station and near the crossing of the 
river Kelvin by the h\:)rth and Clyde canal. 
In the following table, the order of the drumlins shown 
on the map is from north to south, and secondarily from west 
to east, with numbering for possible reference in anv later 
work. Numbers 1 to 16 are west of the-river Kelvin: num- 
bers 17 to 44 are north of the Forth and Clyde canal and of 
the Monkland canal continuing eastward; nuniliers 45 to 59 
are east of the river Kelvin and south of the canal; and num- 
bers 60 to 87 are south of the river Clyde. In two colunms 
♦Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXIV, pp. 228-242, Ajiril, 
i88q; Vol. XX\'I, pp. 2-17, X<)\-. i8g2, with discussion by Profs. \V. M. 
Davis and George H. Barton (pp. 17-25). Am. Geologist, \'()I. X, i)p. 239- 
262, Dec, i8g2, includinj;^ bibliograi)hic notes; \'ol. Xl\', pp. 69-83, Aufj. 
1894, with maps and sections. 
