Drianlins in Glasgozv. — Upham. 243 
and to Dunbar, with rarely a typical drumlin; a few drumlins 
being noted near Linlithgow, and again a few miles west of 
Dunbar. But none were seen farther southeast and south,, 
on the route to Berwick, York, Cambridge, and Harwich. 
The Carboniferous bed-rocks of Glasgow lie generally at 
only a slight depth beneath the bases of the drumlins, form- 
ing the general ascent of the country on each side of the Clyde. 
A confluent ice-sheet, flowing down mainly from the 
Grampian Highlands on the north and northwest, but partly 
from the Southern Uplands, moved eastward over the central 
Clyde and Forth lowlands and pushed against the Scandina- 
vian ice-sheet, with which it was confluent on the present area 
of the North Sea. During the recession and departure of 
these icefields, a time came when the eastern front of the 
Scottish ice withdrew from the region of Edinburgh westerly 
past Glasgow; and at that time I think the drumlins of the 
Clyde district, so abundantly developed in Glasgow, to have 
been amassed. 
Later, when the ice-sheet had retreated so far as to admit 
the sea to this valley, its fossiliferous beds and shore lines, 
about 50 and 25 feet above the present sea level, analogues of 
those of the Champlain epoch in America, extended along the 
Chde valley. Men at that early date lived and fished here, 
and lost their dug-out canoes, of which about twenty, varying 
from 9 to 27 feet in length, have been found in these marine 
beds in and near Glasgow. These beds overlie the bases of 
• the lower drumlins near the Clyde. Finally, at the end of the 
Ice age, the last remnants of the Scottish ice-sheet, which 
lingered as mountain glaciers, melted away; and the land, re- 
lieved from its glacial burden, rose to its present hight. Sub- 
sequent time has been short, in a geological sense, for the 
slopes of the drumlins show scarcely any subaerial erosion; 
their forms remain as they were moulded by the great over- 
riding sheet of land ice. 
