32 The American Geologist. July, 1S97 
to have been accumulated in an ice age, when the mollusca 
could not have flourished in Massachusetts bay. After the 
incoming of a warm interglacial epoch a later incursion of 
ice ploughed ujj the sands with their contents and carried 
them with other material to constitute the drumlins, which 
probably rest upon an earlier ground moraine. The shells are 
not Tertiary, and as they abound in the drumlins which are 
unquestionably of glacial origin, clear evidence of at least 
two glacial epochs is afforded. These mollusca could not 
have flourished when the ice pushed into Massachusetts bay. 
They must have migrated along the New England coast in an 
interglacial epoch. Nor can they be correlated with the 
Champlain epoch because that fauna -had a glacial character. 
The drumlins of western New York can be seen to be sit- 
uated between morainic lines, and may be correlated in a gen- 
eral way with those in eastern New England. They belong 
to the Oiitarian rather than the eastern lobe ofthe ice sheet. 
6. The progress in glacial studies made by the Canadian 
Geological Survey, as represented by Mr. R. Chalmers in the 
last two annual reports, indicates a readiness to accept better 
views. There was flrst a glacial epoch when the ice moved 
northerly from the New England area, and the auriferous gra- 
vels of the Eastern Townships were laid down. Secondly, 
there was an interval, interglacial, without the presence of 
ice. Third, the glaciers of the Laurentian area moved south- 
erly across the St. Lawrence valley, and in at least one in- 
stance crossed the hight of land towards the Atlantic between 
the Chaudiere and St. Johns valleys. As this conclusion is 
derived from the presence of granitic boulders, brought from 
the north side of the St. Lawrence, the same must be the case 
wherever the boulders can be shown to have come from the 
same direction moving uphill. That will agree with our con- 
tention of the covering of all New England by the Laurentian 
ice sheet. Fourthlj^, the Champlain epoch with its beaches 
and fossils succeeded — a time of marine invasion. I have on- 
ly added to these last admitted facts the query whether the 
Champlain epoch was not truly glacial, with icebergs moving 
both from the Laurentian and Novanglian mountains, and 
chilling the waters so much that onl}^ a boreal fauna could ex- 
ist. It was this same fauna that flourished at the same epoch 
